County of Hawaii 1997 Data Book Section 5: Geography and
Environment
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Table 5.1-- GENERAL COASTLINE AND TIDAL SHORELINE OF HAWAII, BY COUNTY AND ISLAND
General coastline 1/ |
Tidal shoreline 2/ |
|||
| County and island | State miles |
Kilometers 3/ |
Statute miles |
Kilometers 3/ |
| State total | 750 |
1,207 |
1,052 |
1,693 |
| Counties: | ||||
| Hawaii | 266 |
428 |
313 |
504 |
| Maui, including Kalawao | 210 |
338 |
343 |
552 |
| Honolulu | 137 |
220 |
234 |
377 |
| Kauai | 137 |
220 |
162 |
261 |
| Islands: 4/ | ||||
| Hawaii | 266 |
428 |
313 |
504 |
| Maui | 120 |
193 |
149 |
240 |
| Kahoolawe | 29 |
47 |
36 |
58 |
| Lanai | 47 |
76 |
52 |
84 |
| Molokai | 88 |
142 |
106 |
171 |
| Oahu | 112 |
180 |
209 |
336 |
| Kauai | 90 |
145 |
110 |
177 |
| Niihau | 45 |
72 |
50 |
80 |
| Kaula | 2 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
| NW Hawaiian Islands 5/ | 25 |
40 |
25 |
40 |
| Nihoa | 3 |
5 |
3 |
5 |
| Necker Island | 2 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
| French Frigate Shoals | 6 |
10 |
6 |
10 |
| Laysan Island | 6 |
10 |
6 |
10 |
| Lisianski Island | 3 |
5 |
3 |
5 |
| Kure Atoll | 5 |
8 |
5 |
8 |
1/ Figures are lengths of general outline of seacoast. Data for the four islands of
Maui County are not consistent with the reported county total.
2/ Shoreline of outer coast, offshore islands, bays, rivers, and creeks is included to the
head of tidewater or to a point where tidal waters narrow to a width of 100 feet.
3/ Derived from data expressed in statute miles; independently rounded and accordingly may
not add exactly to indicated totals and subtotals. 1 mi. = 1.609 km.
4/ Data are not available for five minor islands: Molokini, Lehua, Gardner Pinnacles, Maro
Reef and Pearl and Hermes Atoll.
5/ Excludes the Midway Islands, which are part of the Hawaiian Archipelago but not legally
part of the State of Hawaii. Midway has a general coastline of 20 miles and a tidal
shoreline of 33 miles.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Ocean Survey, The Coastline of the United
States (1975), and records; and Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development
and Tourism, State of Hawaii Data Book, 1995 (October 1996), table 5.05.
Table 5.2-- LAND AND WATER AREA OF COUNTIES
| Measurement unit and type of area | State total |
Hawaii |
Maui |
Kalawao |
Honolulu |
Kauai |
| Square miles: | ||||||
| Land | 6,423.4 |
4,028.2 |
1,159.3 |
13.2 |
600.2 |
622.5 |
| Inland water 1/ | 35.9 |
4.4 |
3.6 |
- |
19.0 |
8.9 |
| Territorial water 2/ | 4,472.4 |
1,054.3 |
1,236.0 |
39.1 |
1,507.8 |
635.1 |
| Square Kilometers | ||||||
| Land | 16,636.5 |
10,433.1 |
3,002.5 |
34.2 |
1,554.5 |
1,612.2 |
| Inland water 1/ | 92.9 |
11.5 |
9.3 |
- |
49.2 |
22.9 |
| Territorial water 2/ | 11,583.4 |
2,730.7 |
3,201.2 |
101.3 |
3,905.2 |
1,644.9 |
| Acres | ||||||
| Land | 4,110,966 |
2,578,073 |
741,933 |
8,451 |
384,125 |
398,383 |
| Inland water 1/ | 22,976 |
2,816 |
2,304 |
- |
12,160 |
5,696 |
| Territorial water 2/ | 2,862,336 |
674,752 |
791,040 |
25,024 |
964,992 |
406,464 |
1/ Lakes, streams, reservoirs, etc. Includes Pearl Harbor.
2/ Within three miles of coast.
Source: Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, State of
Hawaii Data Book, 1995 (October 1996), table 5.07.
Table 5.3-- LAND AREAS OF ISLANDS
| Island | Square miles 1/ |
Square kilometers |
Acres 1/ |
| State total | 6,423.4 |
16,636.5 |
4,110,966 |
| Hawaii | 4,028.2 |
10,433.1 |
2,578,073 |
| Maui | 727.3 |
1,883.7 |
465,472 |
| Molokini | 0.036 |
0.093 |
23 |
| Kahoolawe | 44.6 |
115.5 |
28,543 |
| Lanai | 140.5 |
364.0 |
89,946 |
| Molokai | 260.0 |
673.5 |
166,425 |
| Oahu | 597.1 |
1,546.5 |
382,148 |
| Kauai | 552.3 |
1,430.5 |
353,484 |
| Niihau | 69.5 |
179.9 |
44,455 |
| Lehua | 0.444 |
1.149 |
284 |
| Kaula | 0.247 |
0.640 |
158 |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 2/ | 6,423.4 |
16,636.5 |
4,110,966 |
| Nihoa | |||
| Necker Island | 4,028.2 |
10,433.1 |
2,578,073 |
| French Frigate Shoals | 727.3 |
1,883.7 |
465,472 |
| Gardner Pinnacles | 0.036 |
0.093 |
23 |
| Maro Reef | 44.6 |
115.5 |
28,543 |
| Laysan Island | 140.5 |
364.0 |
89,946 |
| Lisianski Island | 260.0 |
673.5 |
166,425 |
| Pearl and Hermes Atoll | 597.1 |
1,546.5 |
382,148 |
| Kure Atoll | 552.3 |
1,430.5 |
353,484 |
| Other Islands 3/ | 0.444 |
1.149 |
284 |
| Baker, Howland and Jarvis Islands | 0.247 |
0.640 |
158 |
| Johnston Atoll | 0.444 |
1.149 |
284 |
| Kingman Reef | 0.247 |
0.640 |
158 |
| Midway Islands | 0.444 |
1.149 |
284 |
| Palmyra Atoll | 0.247 |
0.640 |
158 |
1/ Areas in square miles and acres were calculated directly from measurements in 001
square kilometer and independently rounded. 1 square mile = 640 acres = 2.58999 square
kilometers.
2/ Exclusive of the Midway Islands, which are part of the Hawaiian Archipelago but not
legally part of the State of Hawaii.
3/ In central Pacific, not legally part of the State of Hawaii. Source: Hawaii State
Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, State of Hawaii Data Book, 1995
(October 1996), table 5.08.
Map 4. Relative Geographic Size: Major Islands of the State.
Table 5.4-- AREA OF DISTRICTS, HAWAII COUNTY
| District | Square miles |
Acres |
| Hawaii County | 4,028.2 |
2,578,048 |
| Puna | 499.5 |
319,680 |
| South Hilo | 394.4 |
252,416 |
| North Hilo | 322.5 |
206,400 |
| Hamakua | 580.5 |
371,520 |
| North Kohala | 132.9 |
85,056 |
| South Kohala | 351.7 |
225,088 |
| North Kona | 489.0 |
312,960 |
| South Kona | 335.4 |
214,656 |
| Kau | 922.3 |
590,272 |
Source: Square miles from U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, Summary Population and Housing Characteristics, Hawaii, 1990 CPH-1-13 (August 1991), table 15; tabulations by R&D.
Table 5.5-- ELEVATIONS OF MAJOR SUMMITS IN HAWAII, BY ISLAND
(Elevation of the highest point on each island and other important peaks)
| Island and summit | Feet |
Meters |
| Hawaii: | ||
| Mauna Kea 1/ | 13,796 |
4,205 |
| Mauna Loa 2/ | 13,679 |
4,169 |
| Hualalai | 8,271 |
2,521 |
| Kaumu o Kaleihoohie | 5,480 |
1,670 |
| Kilauea (Uwekahuna) | 4,093 |
1,248 |
| Kilauea (Halemaumau Rim) | 3,660 |
1,116 |
| Kahoolawe: | ||
| Puu Moaulanui | 1,483 |
452 |
| Puu Moaulaiki | 1,434 |
437 |
| Molokini | 160 |
49 |
| Maui: | ||
| Haleakala (Red Hill) | 10,023 |
3,055 |
| Haleakala (Kaupo Gap) | 8,201 |
2,500 |
| Puu Kukui | 5,788 |
1,764 |
| Iao Needle | 2,250 |
686 |
| Lanai: | ||
| Lanaihale | 3,366 |
1,026 |
| Molokai: | ||
| Kamakou | 4,961 |
1,512 |
| Olokui | 4,606 |
1,404 |
| Kaunuohua | 4,535 |
1,382 |
| Kalaupapa Lookout | 1,600 |
488 |
| Mauna Loa (Kukui) | 1,430 |
436 |
| Oahu: | ||
| Kaala | 4,003 |
1,220 |
| Puu Kalena | 3,504 |
1,068 |
| Konahuanui | 3,150 |
960 |
| Tantalus | 2,013 |
614 |
| Olomana | 1,643 |
501 |
| Koko Crater (Kohelepelepe) | 1,208 |
368 |
| Nuuanu Pali Lookout | 1,186 |
361 |
| Diamond Head | 760 |
232 |
| Koko Head | 642 |
196 |
| Punchbowl | 500 |
152 |
| Kauai: | ||
| Kawaikini | 5,243 |
1,598 |
| Waialeale | 5,148 |
1,569 |
| Namolokama Mountain | 4,421 |
1,348 |
| Kalalau Lookout | 4,120 |
1,256 |
| Haupu | 2,297 |
700 |
| Sleeping Giant (Nonou) | 1,241 |
378 |
| Niihau: | ||
| Paniau | 1,250 |
381 |
| Lehua | 699 |
213 |
| Kaula | 548 |
167 |
| Nihoa: | ||
| Millers Peak | 903 |
275 |
| Necker Island: | 276 |
84 |
| Summit Hill | 120 |
37 |
| French Frigate Shoals: | ||
| La Perouse Pinnacles | ||
| Gardner Pinnacles | 190 |
58 |
| Maro Reef | Awash |
Awash |
| Laysan Island | 40 |
12 |
| Lisianski Island | 40 |
12 |
| Pearl and Hermes Atoll | 10 |
3 |
| Midway Islands | 12 |
4 |
| Kure Atoll | 20 |
6 |
1/ According to the 1995 Guinness Book of World Records (p.147), "The world's
tallest mountain measured from its submarine base (3,280 fathoms) in the Hawaiian Trough
to peak is Mauna Kea with a combined height of 33,480 feet, of which 13,796 feet are above
sea level."
Source: Hawaii State Department of Accounting and General Services, Survey Division, data
provided April 21, 1992; U.S. National Cartographic Information Center, data provided
October 11, 1978; U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps, 1981-1984; Hawaiian Government
Survey, 1923 (for Necker Island, French Frigate Shoals, Laysan, Lisianski, Pearl and
Hermes Atoll and Kure Atoll); and Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic
Development and Tourism, State of Hawaii Data Book, 1995 (October 1996), table 5.11.
Table 5.6-- MAJOR STREAMS IN HAWAII, BY ISLAND
| Island | Feature or stream |
Length or average discharge |
| Longest water feature (miles): | ||
| Hawaii | Wailuku River | 32.0 |
| Maui | Kalialinui-Waiale Gulch | 18.0 |
| Kahoolawe | Ahupu Gulch | 4.0 |
| Lanai | Maunalei-Waialala Gulch | 12.9 |
| Molokai | Wailau-Pulena Stream | 6.5 |
| Oahu | Kaukonahua Stream (So. Fork) | 33.0 |
| Kauai | Waimea River-Poomau Stream | 19.5 |
| Niihau | Keanaulii-Puniopo Valley | 5.9 |
| Largest perennial stream | ||
| (miles): 1/ | ||
| Hawaii | Wailuku River | 22.7 |
| Maui | Palikea Stream | 7.8 |
| Molokai | Wailau-Pulena Stream | 6.5 |
| Oahu | Kaukonahua Stream | 30.0 |
| Kauai | Waimea River | 19.7 |
| Streams with greatest average discharge 2/(million gal/day): | ||
| Hawaii | Wailuku River | 250 |
| Maui | Iao Stream | 45 |
| Molokai | Wailau Stream | 30 |
| Oahu | Waikele Stream | 3/ 27 |
| Kauai | Hanalei River | 140 |
1/ Estimated on basis of drainage area rather than stream runoff. Other major streams
include Wailoa River, Hawaii (1/2-mile long); Honokohau Stream (9.4 miles long) and Iao
Stream (5), both on Maui; Halawa Stream (6.4), Waikolu Stream (4.7), and Pelekunu (2.3),
all on Molokai; Waikele Stream (15.3), Kipapa Stream (12.8), Waiakakalaua Stream (11.8),
Nuuanu Stream (4), and Ala Wai Canal (1.9), all on Oahu; and the Makaweli River (15.1),
Wainiha River (13.8), Hanapepe River (13.3), and Wailua River (11.8), all on Kauai.
2/ Most recent available year.
3/ Most of discharge is from nearby groundwater outflow.
Source: Longest water feature from U.S. Geological Survey, records; other data from Hawaii
State Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Water Resource Management;
records; and Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, State
of Hawaii Data Book, 1995 (October 1996), table 5.13.
Table 5.7-- LAKES AND LAKE-LIKE WATERS IN HAWAII, BY ISLAND
| Island and lake | Type |
Elevation (feet) |
Area 1/ (acres) |
Maximum depth (feet) |
| Hawaii: | ||||
| Green Lake | Lake | 3 |
2 |
20 |
| Lake Waiau 2/ | Lake | 13,020 |
2 |
10 |
| Waiakea Pond | Tidal pond | SL |
27 |
7 |
| Maui: | ||||
| Kanaha Pond | Marsh | SL |
41 |
3 |
| Kealia Pond | Marsh | SL |
500 |
NA |
| Waieleele | Pond | 6,690 |
0.5 |
21 |
| Molokai: | ||||
| Kauhako | Pool | SL |
0.9 |
814 |
| Kualapuu Reservoir | Reservoir | 821 |
100 |
50 |
| Meyer Lake | Impoundment | 2,021 |
6-10 |
5 |
| Oahu: | ||||
| Ho'omaluhia | Reservoir | 202 |
90 |
90 |
| Kaelepulu Pond | Lake | SL |
198 |
NA |
| Kawainui Marsh | Marsh | SL |
1,000 |
NA |
| Wahiawa Reservoir | Reservoir | 842 |
302 |
85 |
| Kauai: | ||||
| Nomilu Fishpond | Pond | SL |
20 |
66 |
| Waita Reservoir | Reservoir | 241 |
424 |
23 |
| Niihau: | ||||
| Halalii Lake | Playa | SL |
841-865 |
NA |
| Halulu Lake | Playa | SL |
182-371 |
NA |
| Laysan: | ||||
| Laysan Lagoon | Closed Lagoon | SL |
161 |
16 |
SL = Sea level.
1/ Ranges shown for Meyer Lake, Halalii Lake, and Halulu Lake reflect differences in
estimates between sources.
2/ Highest lake in the State and third highest in the United States.
Source: Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, State of
Hawaii Data Book, 1995 (October 1996), table 5.14.
Table 5.8-- MAJOR NAMED WATERFALLS IN HAWAII, BY ISLAND
| Island | Waterfall 1/ | Height (feet) |
Horizontal distance (feet) |
Average discharge (million gal./day) |
|
Sheer drop |
Cascade |
||||
| Hawaii | Kaluahine | 620 |
400 |
... |
|
| Akaka | 442 |
... |
... |
... |
|
| Waiilikahi | 320 |
... |
... |
6.6 |
|
| Hiilawe (3 falls) | ... |
300 |
200 |
... |
|
| Rainbow | ... |
80 |
150 |
303.5 |
|
| Maui | Honokohau | ... |
1,120 |
500 |
26.6 |
| Waihiumalu | ... |
400 |
150 |
... |
|
| Waimoku | ... |
40 |
50 |
37.1 |
|
| Molokai | Kahiwa | ... |
1,750 |
1,000 |
... |
| Papalaua | ... |
1,200 |
500 |
... |
|
| Wailele | ... |
500 |
150 |
... |
|
| Haloku | ... |
500 |
200 |
... |
|
| Hipuapua | ... |
500 |
300 |
... |
|
| Olupena | ... |
300 |
150 |
... |
|
| Moaula | ... |
250 |
200 |
19.7 |
|
| Oahu | Kaliuwaa (Sacred) 2/ | 80 |
1,520 |
3,000 |
... |
| Waihee (Waimea) | 80 |
... |
... |
5.6 |
|
| Manoa | ... |
200 |
250 |
2.4 |
|
| Kauai | Waipoo (2 falls) | ... |
800 |
600 |
... |
| Awini | ... |
480 |
500 |
... |
|
| Hinalele | 280 |
... |
... |
... |
|
| Kapakanui | 280 |
... |
... |
... |
|
| Manawaiopuna | 280 |
... |
... |
... |
|
| Wailua | 80 |
... |
... |
... |
|
| Opaekaa | 40 |
... |
... |
... |
|
| Puwainui | 20 |
... |
... |
90.9 |
|
1/ Includes the largest named waterfall in each major island, either in height or
average discharge; all other named falls 250 feet high or over; and well-known small
falls. Many unnamed falls have sheer drops of 200 feet or more.
2/ Sheer drop refers to northernmost fall of a cascade of six falls.
Source: Hawaii State Department of Planning and Economic Development, Hawai'i, the Natural
Environment (1974), p.18.
Table 5.9-- MISCELLANEOUS GEOGRAPHIC STATISTICS FOR HAWAII, BY ISLAND
| Island | Extreme length (miles) |
Extreme width (miles) |
Miles of sea cliffs with heights 1,000 ft. or more 1/ |
Miles from coast of most remote point |
Percent of area within 5 miles of Coast |
| State | ... |
... |
33 |
28.5 |
48.6 |
| Hawaii | 93 |
76 |
4 |
28.5 |
30.0 |
| Maui | 48 |
26 |
- |
10.6 |
76.1 |
| Kahoolawe | 11 |
6 |
- |
2.4 |
100.0 |
| Lanai | 18 |
13 |
- |
5.2 |
100.0 |
| Molokai | 38 |
10 |
14 |
3.9 |
100.0 |
| Oahu | 44 |
30 |
- |
10.6 |
79.0 |
| Kauai | 33 |
25 |
11 |
10.8 |
65.0 |
| Niihau | 8 |
6 |
3 |
2.4 |
100.0 |
Percent of area with elevation |
Percent of area with slope |
||||
| Island | Less than 500 ft. |
2,000 ft or more |
Approx. mean altitude (feet) |
Less than 10 percent |
20 percent or more |
| State | 20.8 |
50.9 |
3,030 |
6.35 |
17.0 |
| Hawaii | 12.0 |
68.4 |
3,950 |
76.0 |
4.0 |
| Maui | 24.9 |
41.4 |
2,390 |
38.5 |
36.0 |
| Kahoolawe | 38.9 |
0 |
600 |
60.0 |
9.0 |
| Lanai | 24.8 |
6.3 |
1,140 |
61.0 |
16.0 |
| Molokai | 37.3 |
17.8 |
1,150 |
53.0 |
26.0 |
| Oahu | 45.3 |
4.6 |
860 |
42.5 |
45.5 |
| Kauai | 35.6 |
24.0 |
1,380 |
33.5 |
50.5 |
| Niihau | 78.2 |
0 |
530 |
68.0 |
12.5 |
1/ According to Lee S. Motteler, Geography and Map Division, Bernice P. Bishop Museum,
the sea cliffs along the northeastern coast of Molokai between Umilehi Point and Puukaoku
Point drop 3,250 feet at an average slope of 58 degrees. These cliffs have been described
by The Guinness Book of Records (1995 edition, p.154) as "the highest sea cliffs in
the world."
Source: Hawaii State Department of Planning and Economic Development, Hawai'i, the Natural
Environment (1974), p.19; U.S. Geological Survey, Elevations and Distances in the United
States (1978), pp.4-5; and Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and
Tourism, State of Hawaii Data Book, 1995 (October 1996), table 5.16.
Table 5.10-- VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ON HAWAII ISLAND: 1750 TO 1998
(Complete through April 30, 1998)
| Volcano and date of outbreak | Duration (days) |
Area (sq. miles) |
Volume |
| Kilauea: | |||
| 1750 (?) ........... | NA |
1.57 |
19,500,000 |
| 1790 (?) ........... | NA |
3.04 |
37,670,000 |
| 1790: Nov. (?) ..... | NA |
no lava flow |
no lava flow |
| 1823: Feb.-July .... | short |
3.86 |
15,000,000 |
| 1832: Jan. 14 ...... | short |
NA |
NA |
| 1840: May 30 ....... | 26 |
6.60 |
281,000,000 |
| 1868: April 2 ...... | short |
0.07 |
NA |
| April 2 (?) .. | short |
0.04 |
250,000 |
| 1877: May 4 ........ | 1 (?) |
NA |
NA |
| May 21 (?) ... | NA |
0.04 |
NA |
| 1884: Jan. 22 ...... | 1 |
NA |
NA |
| 1885: March ........ | 80 (?) |
NA |
NA |
| 1894: March 21 ..... | 6+ |
NA |
NA |
| July 7 ....... | 4 (?) |
NA |
NA |
| 1918: Feb. 23 ...... | 14 |
0.04 |
250,000 |
| 1919: Feb. 7 ....... | 294 |
1.60 |
34,500,000 |
| Dec. 21 ...... | 221 |
5.00 |
62,000,000 |
| 1921: Mar. 18 ...... | 7 |
0.77 |
8,800,000 |
| 1922: May 28 ....... | 2 |
0.04 |
NA |
| 1923: Aug. 25 (?) .. | 1 |
0.20 |
100,000 |
| 1924: May 10 ....... | 17 |
no lava flow |
no lava flow |
| July 19 ...... | 11 |
0.02 |
320,000 |
| 1927: July 7 ....... | 13 |
0.04 |
3,160,000 |
| 1929: Feb. 20 ...... | 2 |
0.06 |
1,920,000 |
| July 25 ...... | 4 |
0.08 |
3,600,000 |
| 1930: Nov. 19 ...... | 19 |
0.09 |
8,480,000 |
| 1931: Dec. 23 ...... | 14 |
0.12 |
9,640,000 |
| 1934: Sept. 6 ...... | 33 |
0.16 |
9,500,000 |
| 1952: June 27 ...... | 136 |
0.23 |
64,000,000 |
| 1954: May 31 ....... | 3 |
0.44 |
8,500,000 |
| 1955: Feb. 28 ...... | 88 |
6.10 |
120,000,000 |
| 1959: Nov. 14 ...... | 36 |
0.24 |
51,000,000 |
| 1960: Jan. 13 ...... | 36 |
4.10 |
155,000,000 |
| 1961: Feb. 24 ...... | 1 |
0.02 |
30,000 |
| Mar. 3 ....... | 22 |
0.10 |
350,000 |
| July 10 ...... | 7 |
0.40 |
17,300,000 |
| Sept. 22 ..... | 3 |
0.30 |
3,000,000 |
| 1962: Dec. 7 ....... | 2 |
0.02 |
430,000 |
| 1963: Aug. 21 ...... | 2 |
0.06 |
1,100,000 |
| Oct. 5 ....... | 1 |
1.30 |
9,000,000 |
| 1965: Mar. 5 ....... | 10 |
3.00 |
23,000,000 |
| Dec. 24 ...... | <1 |
0.23 |
1,160,000 |
| 1967: Nov. 5 ....... | 251 |
0.25 |
110,000,000 |
| 1968: Aug. 22 ...... | 5 |
0.01 |
50,000 |
| Oct. 7 ....... | 15 |
0.80 |
9,000,000 |
| 1969: Feb. 22 ...... | 6 |
2.30 |
22,000,000 |
| May 24 ....... | 867 |
19.30 |
242,000,000 |
| 1971: Aug. 14 ...... | <1 |
0.80 |
12,000,000 |
| Sept. 24 ..... | 5 |
1.50 |
10,500,000 |
| 1972: Feb. 4 ....... | 455 |
13.50 |
163,800,000 |
| 1973: May 5 ........ | <1 |
0.10 |
1,600,000 |
| Nov. 10 ...... | 30 |
0.40 |
3,700,000 |
| Dec. 12 ...... | 203 |
3.10 |
39,300,000 |
| 1974: July 19 ...... | 3 |
1.20 |
9,000,000 |
| Sept. 19 ..... | <1 |
0.40 |
14,000,000 |
| Dec. 31 ...... | <1 |
2.90 |
19,600,000 |
| 1975: Nov. 29 ...... | <1 |
0.10 |
300,000 |
| 1977: Sept. 13 ..... | 18 |
3.00 |
45,000,000 |
| 1979: Nov. 16 ...... | 1 |
0.10 |
800,000 |
| 1982: April 30 ..... | <1 |
0.10 |
260,000 |
| Sept. 25 ..... | <1 |
0.30 |
3,900,000 |
| 1983: Jan. 3 1/ .... | 5,592 |
38.40 |
2,183,000,000 |
| Mauna Loa: | |||
| 1832: June 20 ...... | 21 |
NA |
NA |
| 1843: Jan. 9 ....... | 90 |
20.20 |
250,000,000 |
| 1849: May .......... | 15 |
NA |
NA |
| 1851: Aug. 8 ....... | 21 |
6.90 |
90,000,000 |
| 1852: Feb. 17 ...... | 20 |
11.00 |
140,000,000 |
| 1855: Aug. 11 ...... | 450 |
12.20 |
150,000,000 |
| 1859: Jan. 23 ...... | 300 |
32.70 |
600,000,000 |
| 1865: Dec. 30 ...... | 120 |
NA |
NA |
| 1868: Mar. 27 ...... | 15 |
9.10 |
190,000,000 |
| 1870: Jan. 1 (?) ... | 14 |
NA |
NA |
| 1871: Aug. 1 (?) ... | 30 |
NA |
NA |
| 1872: Aug. 10 ...... | 60 |
NA |
NA |
| 1873: Jan. 6 ....... | 2 (?) |
NA |
NA |
| April 20 ..... | 547 |
NA |
NA |
| 1875: Jan. 10 ...... | 30 |
NA |
NA |
| Aug. 11 ...... | 7 |
NA |
NA |
| 1876: Feb. 13 ...... | short |
NA |
NA |
| 1877: Feb. 14 ...... | 10 |
NA |
NA |
| 1880: May 1 ........ | 6 |
NA |
NA |
| Nov. 1 ....... | 280 |
24.0 |
300,000,000 |
| 1887: Jan. 16 ...... | 10 |
11.3 |
300,000,000 |
| 1892: Nov. 30 ...... | 3 |
NA |
NA |
| 1896: April 21 ..... | 16 |
NA |
NA |
| 1899: July 4 ....... | 19 |
16.2 |
200,000,000 |
| 1903: Oct. 6 ....... | 60 |
NA |
NA |
| 1907: Jan. 9 ....... | 15 |
8.1 |
100,000,000 |
| 1914: Nov. 25 ...... | 48 |
NA |
NA |
| 1916: May 19 ....... | 14 |
6.6 |
80,000,000 |
| 1919: Sept. 29 ..... | short |
9.2 |
350,000,000 |
| 1926: Apr. 10 ...... | short |
13.4 |
150,000,000 |
| 1933: Dec. 2 ....... | 17 |
2.0 |
100,000,000 |
| 1935: Nov. 21 ...... | 42 |
13.8 |
160,000,000 |
| 1940: Apr. 7 ....... | 133 |
3.9 |
100,000,000 |
| 1942: Apr. 26 ...... | 13 |
10.6 |
100,000,000 |
| 1943: Nov. 21 ...... | 3 |
NA |
NA |
| 1949: Jan. 6 ....... | 145 |
5.6 |
77,000,000 |
| 1950: June 1 ....... | 23 |
35.0 |
600,000,000 |
| 1975: July 5 ....... | <1 |
5.2 |
35,000,000 |
| 1984: March 25 ..... | 22 |
11.0+ |
230,000,000 |
1/ Still in progress, May 1998. As of that time, there have been 55 separate episodes.
These had destroyed 181 housing units and added over 550 acres to the area of the island.
Source: Hawaii State Department of Planning and Economic Development, Hawai'i, the Natural
Environment (1974), p.22; Hawaii State Department of Business and Economic Development,
State of Hawaii Data Book, 1988 (November 1988), table 151; and U.S. Geological Survey's
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, records.
Table 5.11-- EARTHQUAKES OF MAGNITUDE 5 OR GREATER: 1973 TO 1998
(Complete through April 30, 1998)
| Date and time | Location | Magnitude (Richter scale) |
| 1973: Apr. 26 | Honomu, Hawaii | 6.2 |
| Oct. 9 | Hawaii | 4.8-5 |
| 1974: Nov. 30 | Hawaii | 5.5-6 |
| 1975: Jan. 2, 3:27 AM | Near Pahala, Hawaii | 5.0 |
| Nov. 29, 3:35 AM | Puna, Hawaii | 5.7 |
| Nov. 29, 4:47 AM | Puna, Hawaii | 7.2 |
| 1976: Feb. 20, 7:51 AM | Between Maui and Hawaii | 5.1 |
| 1977: Jan. 22, 12:36 PM | 100 miles S. of Kauai | 5.1 |
| Apr. 20, 6:49 PM ... | Hamakua, Hawaii | 5.0 |
| Jun. 5, 11:42 PM ... | Puna, Hawaii | 5.1 |
| 1979: Mar. 29, 11:06 PM | 40 miles S.W. of Oahu | 5.5 |
| Sept. 21, 9:59 PM | Puna, Hawaii | 5.5 |
| 1981: Mar. 5, 4:09 AM | Molokai area | 5.3 |
| Nov. 10, 3:02 AM ... | Kilauea, Hawaii | 5.3 |
| 1982: Jan. 21, 11:52 AM | Mauna Loa, Hawaii | 5.5 |
| Jan. 21, 12:29 PM | Mauna Loa, Hawaii | 5.5 |
| May 14, 6:26 AM | Off Kawaihae, Hawaii | 5.0 |
| 1983: Mar. 20, 5:18 PM | Off Kalapana, Hawaii | 5.0 |
| Sept. 9, 6:30 AM | Off Kalapana, Hawaii | 5.4 |
| Nov. 16, 6:13 AM | S.E. flank of Mauna Loa | 6.7 |
| 1984: Jun. 8, 5:34 PM | 80 miles S. of Honolulu | 5.3 |
| 1986: Apr. 26, 7:19 AM | 28 miles N.E. of Maui | 5.1 |
| 1987: Feb. 3, 4:22 PM | 26 miles S. of Kahoolawe | 5.0 |
| 1988: Mar. 24, 2:30 PM | 30 miles S. of Kahoolawe | 5.0 |
| Mar. 27, 5:33 PM | 30 miles S. of Kahoolawe | 5.5 |
| June 7, 12:49 PM | S. Flank of Kilauea | 5.0 |
| July 3, 7:38 PM | Near Pahala | 5.3 |
| 1989: June 25, 5:27 PM | S. Flank of Kilauea | 6.1 |
| Dec. 27, 11:13 PM | S. Flank of Kilauea | 5.1 |
| 1990: Aug. 8, 4:06 PM | Kilauea East Rift Zone | 5.0 |
| 1991: May 8, 8:21 AM | Off Kealakekua | 5.5 |
| Dec. 9, 1:14 PM | Off South Point | 5.2 |
| 1993: Jan. 3, 5:24 AM | Pahala | 5.0 |
| 1994: Feb. 1, 1:00 AM | S. Flank of Kilauea | 5.2 |
| 1997: June 30, 5:47 AM | S. Flank of Kilauea | 5.2 |
Source: Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, State of Hawaii Data Book, 1990 (November 1990), table 141; and U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, records.
Table 5.12-- TSUNAMIS WITH RUN-UP OF 2 METERS (6.6 FEET) OR MORE 1946 TO 1995
(Complete to July 23, 1995)
Maximum height in Hawaii |
||||
| Date | Meters |
Feet |
Deaths in Hawaii |
Damage in Hawaii (dollars) |
| 1946: April 1 | 17.0 |
55.8 |
159 |
26,000,000 |
| 1952: Nov. 4 | 6.1 |
20.0 |
- |
1,000,000 |
| 1957: March 9 | 16.0 |
52.5 |
- |
5,000,000 |
| 1960: May 22 | 10.5 |
34.5 |
61 |
23,000,000 |
| 1964: March 27 | 4.8 |
15.7 |
- |
67,590 |
| 1975: Nov. 29 | 14.6 |
48.0 |
2 |
1,500,000 |
Source: Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, State of Hawaii Data Book, 1995 (October 1996), table 5.20.
Map 5. Lawa Flow Hazard Zones.
Table 5.13-- WATER QUALITY AT SPECIFIED NEARSHORE AREAS, HAWAII COUNTY: 1996
| Sampling stations | Number of samples 1/ |
Enterococcus density 2/ |
Clostridium perfringens density 3/ |
|
| Hilo: | ||||
| Coconut Island | 12 |
6 |
2.25491 |
1.94416 |
| Exit of Ice Pond | 12 |
12 |
6.86812 |
1.23007 |
| Hilo Bay (Canoe Beach) | 12 |
12 |
5.86089 |
2.30962 |
| Hilo Bay (Lighthouse) | 12 |
12 |
4.27791 |
2.26409 |
| Hilo Bay (Off Shore) | 5 |
5 |
2.50176 |
2.23685 |
| Honolii Cove (Ocean) | 12 |
11 |
4.73979 |
1.66850 |
| Kapoho Beach Lots #1 | 12 |
12 |
3.24809 |
1.00000 |
| Keaukaha Beach - 4 Miles | 12 |
6 |
2.89190 |
1.34801 |
| Keokea Bay Beach Park | 6 |
6 |
1.97860 |
1.12246 |
| Kolekole Gulch (Stream) | 12 |
12 |
66.28840 |
3.80202 |
| Laupahoehoe Point (Boat Ramp) | 6 |
6 |
4.14885 |
1.25992 |
| Leleiwi Beach Park | 12 |
12 |
9.00484 |
2.72959 |
| Onekahakaha Beach (Swimming Area) | 11 |
5 |
1.73172 |
1.74110 |
| Pohoiki | 12 |
6 |
5.02932 |
1.34801 |
| Pualaa Beach Park | 12 |
12 |
4.30357 |
1.42816 |
| Puhi Bay #2 | 11 |
6 |
2.69483 |
1.12246 |
| Puhi Bay #3 | 12 |
6 |
2.25836 |
1.90637 |
| Richardson Ocean Center | 12 |
6 |
4.92412 |
1.20094 |
| Richardson Center (Hilo Side Beach) | 12 |
6 |
3.30022 |
1.00000 |
| Vacationland | 12 |
6 |
1.87366 |
1.00000 |
| Wailoa River (Boat Ramp) | 12 |
12 |
16.30920 |
5.94291 |
| Kona: | ||||
| Anaehoomalu Bay | 10 |
6 |
1.50597 |
1.00000 |
| Banyan's Surfing Area | 12 |
12 |
7.40811 |
2.22090 |
| Hapuna Beach | 14 |
9 |
1.29171 |
1.42350 |
| Honaunau Bay (City of Refuge) | 5 |
5 |
6.54388 |
6.03417 |
| Honaunau Bay (Embayment) | 1 |
- |
1.00000 |
- |
| Honuapo Landing | 12 |
12 |
2.05494 |
2.66717 |
| Kahaluu Beach | 12 |
12 |
4.93242 |
1.86121 |
| Kailua Pier Station A | 12 |
12 |
6.13469 |
4.98311 |
| Kailua Pier Station A-1 | 12 |
6 |
1.46281 |
1.00000 |
| Kailua Pier Station D | 12 |
12 |
2.53540 |
2.30442 |
| Kauhako Bay - Hookena | 6 |
6 |
3.43753 |
1.93197 |
| Kawaihae Harbor | 11 |
6 |
2.58581 |
1.87892 |
| Kawaihae Harbor Pier | 11 |
5 |
1.36233 |
1.00000 |
| Kealakekua Bay (Off Canoe Landing) | 6 |
6 |
1.25992 |
1.00000 |
| Kealakekua Bay (Off Curio Stand) | 11 |
6 |
1.78879 |
1.20094 |
| Keauhou Bay | 12 |
6 |
5.13285 |
2.44949 |
| Kona Hilton (Shoreline) | 12 |
5 |
1.16104 |
1.00000 |
| Magic Sands Beach | 12 |
6 |
1.09587 |
1.00000 |
| Mahukona Landing | 6 |
6 |
2.00000 |
1.00000 |
| Mauna Kea Beach Hotel (Beach) | 11 |
6 |
1.13431 |
1.00000 |
| Milolii | 6 |
6 |
1.44225 |
2.12470 |
| Puako Beach Lots (Boat Ramp) | 11 |
11 |
3.35744 |
1.22109 |
| Puako Beach Lots (Far End of Lot) | 11 |
11 |
2.86453 |
1.91851 |
| Puako Beach Lots (Middle of Lot) | 11 |
11 |
2.46216 |
1.64582 |
| Punaluu | 10 |
4 |
1.78910 |
1.41421 |
| Spencer Beach Park | 11 |
11 |
7.32860 |
3.23185 |
1/ First number Enterococcus samples, second number Clostridium perfringens samples.
2/ Geometric mean, number per 100 ml. The geometric mean standard for enterococci density
is 7 per 100 ml.
3 Clostridium perfringens is being proposed as an additional indicator organism. The
proposed standard is dependent upon the salinity of the water sampled. A salinity of
greater than 32 parts per thousand would correspond to a median standard of 5 per 100 ml;
and a salinity of 0 to 32 parts per thousand would correspond to a median standard of 50
per 100 ml.
Source: Hawaii State Department of Health, Clean Water Branch, records.
Table 5.14-- WATER QUALITY AT SPECIFIED NEARSHORE AREAS,HAWAII COUNTY: 1997
| Sampling stations | Number of samples 1/ |
Enterococcus density 2/ |
Clostridium perfringens density 3/ |
|
| Hilo: | ||||
| Coconut Island | 11 |
11 |
1.64582 |
1.51428 |
| Exit of Ice Pond | 12 |
12 |
6.41447 |
1.40663 |
| Hilo Bay (Canoe Beach) | 12 |
12 |
5.16420 |
2.16093 |
| Hilo Bay (Lighthouse) | 12 |
12 |
6.87218 |
2.50892 |
| Hilo Bay (Off Shore) | 5 |
5 |
2.09128 |
1.24573 |
| Honolii Cove (Ocean) | 12 |
12 |
15.48770 |
2.74661 |
| Kapoho Beach Lots #1 | 12 |
11 |
4.49026 |
1.00000 |
| Keaukaha Beach - 4 Miles | 12 |
11 |
6.20752 |
1.25345 |
| Keokea Bay Beach Park | 12 |
11 |
2.36947 |
1.54531 |
| Kolekole Gulch (Stream) | 12 |
12 |
124.03700 |
4.21603 |
| Laupahoehoe Point (Boat Ramp) | 12 |
11 |
1.20094 |
1.30051 |
| Leleiwi Beach Park | 12 |
11 |
10.33730 |
2.15301 |
| Onekahakaha Beach (Swimming Area) | 12 |
11 |
1.46281 |
1.77174 |
| Pohoiki | 12 |
11 |
3.93488 |
2.69684 |
| Pualaa Beach Park | 12 |
11 |
10.58140 |
2.19879 |
| Puhi Bay #2 | 12 |
11 |
2.25490 |
1.13431 |
| Puhi Bay #3 | 12 |
11 |
2.13055 |
1.06504 |
| Richardson Ocean Center | 12 |
11 |
2.87428 |
1.41349 |
| Richardson Center (Hilo Side Beach) | 12 |
11 |
6.10418 |
1.13431 |
| Vacationland | 12 |
11 |
1.32768 |
1.06504 |
| Wailoa River (Boat Ramp) | 12 |
12 |
10.08620 |
4.03565 |
| Kona: | ||||
| Anaehoomalu Bay | 12 |
11 |
1.42816 |
1.00000 |
| Banyan's Surfing Area | 13 |
12 |
7.76014 |
4.59785 |
| Hapuna Beach | 13 |
12 |
1.54591 |
1.22119 |
| Honaunau Bay (City of Refuge) | 12 |
11 |
4.49076 |
2.58418 |
| Honuapo Landing | 9 |
8 |
1.87614 |
1.66828 |
| Kahaluu Beach | 12 |
11 |
3.32553 |
1.45948 |
| Kailua Pier Station A | 12 |
11 |
4.32839 |
3.88800 |
| Kailua Pier Station A-1 | 12 |
11 |
2.06602 |
1.00000 |
| Kailua Pier Station D | 11 |
10 |
1.99055 |
2.41400 |
| Kauhako Bay - Hookena | 11 |
10 |
2.28848 |
1.87182 |
| Kawaihae Harbor | 11 |
10 |
2.04098 |
1.28209 |
| Kawaihae Harbor Pier | 13 |
12 |
1.99055 |
1.23007 |
| Kealakekua Bay (Off Canoe Landing) | 11 |
10 |
1.88309 |
1.00000 |
| Kealakekua Bay (Off Curio Stand) | 11 |
10 |
1.28666 |
1.31951 |
| Keauhou Bay | 12 |
11 |
2.12001 |
1.33498 |
| Kona Hilton (Shoreline) | 12 |
11 |
2.12336 |
1.00000 |
| Magic Sands Beach | 12 |
11 |
1.00000 |
1.00000 |
| Mahukona Landing | 12 |
11 |
1.74732 |
1.17690 |
| Mauna Kea Beach Hotel (Beach) | 12 |
11 |
1.38071 |
1.10503 |
| Milolii | 10 |
9 |
1.37411 |
2.22638 |
| Puako Beach Lots (Boat Ramp) | 12 |
11 |
2.03243 |
1.48939 |
| Puako Beach Lots (Far End of Lot) | 12 |
11 |
1.77407 |
1.20809 |
| Puako Beach Lots (Middle of Lot) | 12 |
11 |
2.13702 |
1.26260 |
| Punaluu | 8 |
7 |
1.09051 |
1.10409 |
| Spencer Beach Park | 12 |
11 |
5.68415 |
2.45201 |
1/ First number Enterococcus samples, second number Clostridium perfringens samples.
2/ Geometric mean, number per 100 ml. The geometric mean standard for enterococci density
is 7 per 100 ml.
3 Clostridium perfringens is being proposed as an additional indicator organism. The
proposed standard is dependent upon the salinity of the water sampled. A salinity of
greater than 32 parts per thousand would correspond to a median standard of 5 per 100 ml;
and a salinity of 0 to 32 parts per thousand would correspond to a median standard of 50
per 100 ml.
Source: Hawaii State Department of Health, Clean Water Branch, records.
Table 5.15-- TEMPERATURES AND PRECIPITATION FOR SELECTED PLACES, HAWAII COUNTY
Average temperature 1/ ( F.) |
Extreme temperature of record ( F.) |
|||||
| Station | Ground elevation (feet) |
Coolest month |
Warmest month |
Lowest |
Highest |
Average annual precipitation (inches) |
| Hilo Airport | 30 |
71.2 |
75.9 |
53 |
94 |
128 |
| Hawaii Volcanoes | ||||||
| Natl. Park Hdq. | 3,970 |
57.6 |
63.2 |
31 |
93 |
101 |
| Naalehu | 800 |
70.2 |
75.1 |
50 |
93 |
47 |
| Kailua-Kona | 30 |
72.1 |
77.3 |
54 |
93 |
25 |
| Puako 2/ | 5 |
73.1 |
79.8 |
52 |
98 |
10 |
| Waimea (Kamuela) | 2,670 |
61.3 |
66.8 |
34 |
90 |
31 |
| Honokaa | 1,070 |
67.6 |
75.5 |
NA |
NA |
86 |
| Mauna Kea summit 3/ | 13,796 |
31.3 |
42.5 |
11 |
66 |
20 |
NA = Not available.
1/ For some stations, data represent 30-year normals.
2/ Temperature data are for Mahukona.
3/ Based on incomplete and non-continuous data for 1966-1972. Precipitation estimated.
Source: Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources, Commission on Water
Resource Management, data supplied February 14, 1995; and Hawaii State Department of
Business, Economic Development and Tourism, Web Site: http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/db96/
Table 5.16-- RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE AT SPECIFIED LOCATIONS, HAWAII COUNTY: 1992 TO 1996
(In inches and degrees Fahrenheit)
| Location | 1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
| RAINFALL | |||||
| Haina | 80.76 |
M |
M |
NA |
NA |
| Hakalau | 123.01 |
M |
M |
NA |
NA |
| Hawaiian Beaches | M |
116.97 |
155.39 |
96.21 |
137.67 |
| Hawi | 56.13 |
56.02 |
82.32 |
46.46 |
51.86 |
| Hilo | 108.83 M |
114.49 |
182.81 |
85.92 |
120.21 |
| Holualoa | 32.49 |
39.88 |
23.76 |
33.81 |
38.48 |
| Honaunau | 52.82 |
35.40 |
35.00 |
37.10 |
62.48 |
| Honokaa | NA |
NA |
M |
79.61 |
77.54 |
| Honokohau | 16.68 |
10.49 |
8.25 |
7.37 |
33.98 |
| Honomu | NA |
NA |
M |
83.76 |
97.50 |
| Hualalai | 19.16 |
26.90 |
15.56 |
10.53 |
28.07 |
| Kainaliu | 60.98 |
43.99 |
37.07 |
44.01 |
64.68 |
| Kapoho | NA |
86.71 |
85.43 |
52.11 |
87.83 |
| Kaumana | NA |
M |
307.38 |
139.83 |
153.37 |
| Kawaihae 2/ | 12.55 M |
9.86 |
4.05 |
7.29 |
19.21 |
| Keaau | 109.64 |
101.16 |
184.17 |
90.63 |
134.34 |
| Keahole Pt. | 11.48 |
8.13 |
6.69 |
7.65 |
19.09 |
| Kohala Mission | 66.39 |
70.25 |
83.96 |
52.81 |
65.63 |
| Kukuihaele | 76.15 |
M |
M |
66.32 |
59.72 |
| Mahaiula | 10.96 |
14.48 |
9.73 |
12.30 |
33.38 |
| Mauna Loa | 16.84 |
16.37 |
20.99 |
5.65 |
24.63 |
| Milolii | 25.55 |
24.93 |
M |
16.31 |
34.39 |
| Mountain View | 172.56 |
159.85 |
294.37 |
147.96 |
175.67 |
| Naalehu | 40.57 |
40.56 |
63.34 |
26.55 |
59.07 |
| Ookala | 123.38 |
M |
M |
NA |
NA |
| Orchid Land | 119.91 |
112.50 |
190.36 |
89.48 |
133.79 |
| Paauhau | 75.52 |
M |
M |
76.67 |
76.78 |
| Paauilo | 100.75 |
99.77 |
121.65 |
78.03 |
83.31 |
| Pahala 3/ | 48.65 |
41.96 |
67.44 |
26.95 |
82.15 |
| Pahoa | 109.66 |
122.06 |
138.04 |
NA |
NA |
| Papaikou | 119.85 |
119.48 |
174.13 |
91.35 |
131.59 |
| South Kona | 22.67 |
22.11 |
23.27 |
10.14 |
30.30 |
| Volcano 4/ | 87.11 |
82.72 |
149.33 |
66.48 |
127.49 |
| Waiakea | 166.81 |
158.46 |
307.27 |
133.52 |
153.95 |
| Waikoloa | 11.51 |
9.34 |
7.38 |
4.40 |
28.51 |
| Waimea 5/ | 12.72 |
20.67 |
11.87 M |
6.04 |
25.35 |
| Hawi | NA |
M |
M |
M |
M |
| Hilo | 74.7 |
73.8 |
74.8 |
75.6 |
75.2 |
| Kawaihae 2/ | 74.9 M |
74.4 M |
74.6 M |
74.4 M |
75.0 M |
| Keahole Pt. | 77.7 M |
77.0 M |
77.5 M |
77.6 M |
78.0 M |
| Mauna Loa | M |
M |
M |
M |
M |
| Mountain View | 66.6 M |
65.3 M |
65.4 M |
65.7 M |
66.5 M |
| Naalehu | 73.5 M |
65.3 M |
72.0 M |
M |
M |
| Ookala | 73.5 M |
71.8 M |
NA |
NA |
NA |
| South Kona | 68.0 M |
66.8 M |
67.5 |
M |
68.9 M |
| Upolu Point | 76.0 M |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
| Volcano 4/ | 62.3 M |
61.4 M |
61.6 M |
61.8 M |
62.3 M |
| Waimea 5/ | M |
M |
M |
M |
M |
NA = Not available.
Rainfall = annual total; temperature = annual average.
M = Insufficient or partial data. M appended to average and/or total values computed with
1-9 daily values missing; M appears alone if 10 or more daily values are missing.
1/ Revised.
2/ Puukohola Heiau.
3/ Pahala mauka.
4/ Hawaii Volcanoes National Park headquarters.
5/ Lalamilo Field Office.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Climatic Data Center, Climatological Data,
Annual Summary, Hawaii and Pacific (annual).
Table 5.17-- RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE, CITY OF HILO, BY MONTH: 1984 TO 1997
(In inches and degrees Fahrenheit)
| Year | Annual |
Jan. |
Feb. |
Mar. |
Apr. |
May |
June |
| RAINFALL 1/ | |||||||
| 1984 ....... | 100.08 |
10.76 |
10.06 |
3.37 |
12.08 |
6.59 |
4.28 |
| 1985 ....... | 112.96 |
2.25 |
16.14 |
21.28 |
10.61 |
17.04 |
1.80 |
| 1986 ....... | 171.03 |
4.95 |
0.58 |
15.37 |
43.24 |
8.61 |
9.11 |
| 1987 ....... | 142.41 |
9.02 |
5.06 |
4.79 |
9.24 |
15.65 |
12.91 |
| 1988 ....... | 140.19 |
10.31 |
9.95 |
13.09 |
12.90 |
7.77 |
5.11 |
| 1989 ....... | 166.71 |
27.46 |
6.54 |
7.33 |
37.19 |
19.80 |
7.03 |
| 1990 ....... | 211.22 |
29.13 |
15.24 |
10.80 |
4.02 |
8.13 |
10.04 |
| 1991 ....... | 153.04 |
3.81 |
9.32 |
37.88 |
11.02 |
8.08 |
9.85 |
| 1992 ....... | 119.89 |
1.33 |
1.29 |
3.90 |
6.62 |
2.99 |
9.36 |
| 1993 ....... | 114.49 |
2.17 |
2.67 |
11.96 |
9.04 |
7.54 |
6.63 |
| 1994 ....... | 182.81 |
10.39 |
25.52 |
18.48 |
8.59 |
7.18 |
13.29 |
| 1995 ....... | 85.92 |
4.52 |
1.56 |
4.17 |
8.14 |
8.68 |
5.35 |
| 1996 ....... | 120.21 |
14.29 |
11.81 |
16.66 |
6.27 |
3.65 |
10.33 |
| 1997 ....... | 131.61 |
2.33 |
7.84 |
19.25 |
6.03 |
10.75 |
22.70 |
| Record | |||||||
| Mean ....... | 130.65 |
9.53 |
11.41 |
13.73 |
13.10 |
9.09 |
6.51 |
| TEMPERATURE 2/ | |||||||
| 1984 ....... | 73.9 |
72.4 |
71.5 |
73.8 |
73.0 |
74.0 |
74.7 |
| 1985 ....... | 72.6 |
69.8 |
70.5 |
69.4 |
69.8 |
71.4 |
74.4 |
| 1986 ....... | 75.3 |
71.1 |
73.6 |
74.7 |
73.6 |
75.4 |
76.6 |
| 1987 ....... | 74.3 |
71.8 |
70.7 |
71.6 |
72.2 |
72.5 |
75.4 |
| 1988 ....... | 74.6 |
71.9 |
72.3 |
72.2 |
72.6 |
74.2 |
74.7 |
| 1989 ....... | 73.3 |
72.2 |
71.4 |
72.4 |
71.1 |
72.7 |
74.7 |
| 1990 ....... | 74.2 |
72.1 |
70.4 |
71.2 |
73.5 |
74.1 |
75.0 |
| 1991 ....... | 74.3 |
72.0 |
72.8 |
70.8 |
72.6 |
74.2 |
74.8 |
| 1992 ....... | 74.7 |
71.2 |
71.4 |
72.3 |
72.4 |
74.8 |
76.2 |
| 1993 ....... | 73.8 |
71.1 |
70.1 |
71.6 |
73.5 |
73.3 |
75.4 |
| 1994 ....... | 74.8 |
70.0 |
71.3 |
71.7 |
73.4 |
74.9 |
76.0 |
| 1995 ....... | 75.6 |
72.6 |
72.9 |
74.8 |
74.1 |
75.5 |
76.9 |
| 1996 ....... | 75.2 |
73.4 |
70.9 |
71.5 |
74.4 |
76.1 |
76.9 |
| 1997 ....... | 75.1 |
73.1 |
72.7 |
73.3 |
74.0 |
75.0 |
76.7 |
| Record | |||||||
| Mean ....... | 73.6 |
71.3 |
71.2 |
71.5 |
72.3 |
73.4 |
74.9 |
| Max. ....... | 81.0 |
79.3 |
79.2 |
79.0 |
79.4 |
80.7 |
82.3 |
| Min. ....... | 66.2 |
63.3 |
63.2 |
64.0 |
65.2 |
66.2 |
67.4 |
Table 5.17-- RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE, CITY OF HILO, BY MONTH: 1984 TO 1997 (contd.)
(In inches and degrees Fahrenheit)
| Year | Annual |
July |
Aug. |
Sept. |
Oct. |
Nov. |
Dec. |
| RAINFALL 1/ | |||||||
| 1984 .... | 100.08 |
6.63 |
9.36 |
4.05 |
2.52 |
18.38 |
12.00 |
| 1985 .... | 112.96 |
9.86 |
6.71 |
11.78 |
8.19 |
4.71 |
2.59 |
| 1986 .... | 171.03 |
11.17 |
10.64 |
14.36 |
11.53 |
35.72 |
5.75 |
| 1987 .... | 142.41 |
18.26 |
3.69 |
11.56 |
14.21 |
15.83 |
22.19 |
| 1988 .... | 140.19 |
5.50 |
16.56 |
11.30 |
8.50 |
25.74 |
13.46 |
| 1989 .... | 166.71 |
22.93 |
8.82 |
9.73 |
13.16 |
1.01 |
5.71 |
| 1990 .... | 211.22 |
10.78 |
7.80 |
18.47 |
20.96 |
45.75 |
30.10 |
| 1991 .... | 153.04 |
9.82 |
26.92 |
9.41 |
5.15 |
6.74 |
15.04 |
| 1992 .... | 119.89 |
17.63 |
13.62 |
17.59 |
3.38 |
25.16 |
17.02 |
| 1993 .... | 114.49 |
18.43 |
11.38 |
4.99 |
12.83 |
10.74 |
16.11 |
| 1994 .... | 182.81 |
11.71 |
14.58 |
21.82 |
8.73 |
35.91 |
6.61 |
| 1995 .... | 85.92 |
15.13 |
13.93 |
4.20 |
7.62 |
8.52 |
4.10 |
| 1996 .... | 120.21 |
13.22 |
4.77 |
7.03 |
11.07 |
14.22 |
6.89 |
| 1997 .... | 131.61 |
19.38 |
4.75 |
8.98 |
12.64 |
8.86 |
8.10 |
| Record | |||||||
| Mean .... | 130.65 |
10.16 |
10.48 |
8.10 |
9.80 |
15.07 |
13.67 |
| TEMPERATURE 2/ | |||||||
| 1984 .... | 73.9 |
75.2 |
75.3 |
75.4 |
76.5 |
73.6 |
71.1 |
| 1985 .... | 72.6 |
75.4 |
75.7 |
75.7 |
74.3 |
73.0 |
71.6 |
| 1986 .... | 75.3 |
77.8 |
78.5 |
77.9 |
76.4 |
75.1 |
72.8 |
| 1987 .... | 74.3 |
76.7 |
77.9 |
77.8 |
76.6 |
74.7 |
73.1 |
| 1988 .... | 74.6 |
75.7 |
76.0 |
76.6 |
77.9 |
76.3 |
74.9 |
| 1989 .... | 73.3 |
75.2 |
75.0 |
74.6 |
75.6 |
73.6 |
71.3 |
| 1990 .... | 74.2 |
76.0 |
77.0 |
77.2 |
76.2 |
75.4 |
72.5 |
| 1991 .... | 74.3 |
76.0 |
76.9 |
76.9 |
76.2 |
75.8 |
72.9 |
| 1992 .... | 74.7 |
76.2 |
77.2 |
77.8 |
77.7 |
75.2 |
73.6 |
| 1993 .... | 73.8 |
75.8 |
77.0 |
77.1 |
76.0 |
73.4 |
71.7 |
| 1994 .... | 74.8 |
78.1 |
78.6 |
78.1 |
77.4 |
74.9 |
73.0 |
| 1995 .... | 75.6 |
77.9 |
77.7 |
78.2 |
76.2 |
75.6 |
74.6 |
| 1996 .... | 75.2 |
75.5 |
76.1 |
75.9 |
75.4 |
73.8 |
72.0 |
| 1997 .... | 75.1 |
77.4 |
78.0 |
77.7 |
76.8 |
74.3 |
72.4 |
| Record | |||||||
| Mean .... | 73.6 |
75.6 |
76.1 |
76.0 |
75.4 |
73.8 |
72.0 |
| Max. .... | 81.0 |
82.6 |
83.2 |
83.5 |
82.9 |
80.9 |
79.4 |
| Min. .... | 66.2 |
68.5 |
68.9 |
68.4 |
67.8 |
66.6 |
64.6 |
1/ Total rainfall.
2/ Average temperature.
Source: U.S. National Climatic Data Center, Local Climatological Data, Annual Summary with
Comparative Data, Hilo, Hawaii, 1997 (1998), p.4.
Table 5.18-- CLIMATIC NORMALS, MEANS, AND EXTREMES FOR HILO AIRPORT: 1997
| Subject | Number |
| Normal temperatures (?F): | |
| Daily maximum | 81.5 |
| Daily minimum | 66.4 |
| Monthly: Coolest month(s) (January & February) | 71.7 |
| Warmest month (August) | 76.3 |
| Annual | 74.0 |
| Extreme temperatures (?F.): | |
| Record highest (May 1966) | 94 |
| Record lowest (February 1962) | 53 |
| Normal degree days, base 65 ?F.: | |
| Heating | 0 |
| Cooling | 3,284 |
| Precipitation (inches): | |
| Normal | 129.19 |
| Maximum monthly (December 1954) | 50.82 |
| Minimum monthly (December 1980) | 0.28 |
| Maximum in 24 hours (February 1979) | 22.30 |
| Relative humidity (percent): | |
| Normal relative humidity | 79 |
| (Hr 02) | 86 |
| (Hr 08) | 79 |
| (Hr 14) | 68 |
| (Hr 20) | 83 |
| Wind speed (m.p.h.): | |
| Mean | 7.4 |
| Fastest observation, 2 min. (February 1997) | 39 |
| Percent of possible sunshine | 40 |
| Mean number of days: | |
| Clear | 35.5 |
| Partly cloudy | 131.3 |
| Cloudy | 195.3 |
| Precipitation .01 in. or more | 273.3 |
| Thunderstorms | 9.7 |
| Temperature maximum 90 and above | 1.0 |
Source: U.S. National Climatic Data Center, Local Climatological Data, Annual Summary with Comparative Data, Hilo, Hawaii, 1997 (1998), p.3.
Table 5.19-- CLIMATIC NORMALS, MEANS, AND EXTREMES FOR HILO AIRPORT: 1997
| Subject | Number |
| Normal temperatures (?F): | |
| Daily maximum | 81.5 |
| Daily minimum | 66.4 |
| Monthly: Coolest month(s) (January & February) | 71.7 |
| Warmest month (August) | 76.3 |
| Annual | 74.0 |
| Extreme temperatures (?F.): | |
| Record highest (May 1966) | 94 |
| Record lowest (February 1962) | 53 |
| Normal degree days, base 65 ?F.: | |
| Heating | 0 |
| Cooling | 3,284 |
| Precipitation (inches): | |
| Normal | 129.19 |
| Maximum monthly (December 1954) | 50.82 |
| Minimum monthly (December 1980) | 0.28 |
| Maximum in 24 hours (February 1979 | 22.30 |
| Relative humidity (percent): | |
| Normal relative humidity | 79 |
| 2 A.M. (Hr 02) | 86 |
| 2 P.M. (Hr 14) | 79 |
| 6 P.M. (Hr 18) | 68 |
| 8 P.M. (Hr 20) | 83 |
| Wind speed (m.p.h.): | |
| Mean | 7.4 |
| Fastest observation, 2 min. (February 1997) | 39 |
| Percent of possible sunshine | 40 |
| Mean number of days: | |
| Clear | 35.5 |
| Partly cloudy | 130.3 |
| Cloudy | 196.2 |
| Precipitation .01 in. or more | 273.3 |
| Thunderstorms | 9.7 |
| Temperature maximum 90 and above | 1.0 |
Source: U.S. National Climatic Data Center, Local Climatological Data, Annual Summary with Comparative Data, Hilo, Hawaii, 1996 (1997), p.3.
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