SUPPORT DOCUMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
ECONOMIC
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE
HISTORIC SITES
NATURAL BEAUTY
NATURAL RESOURCES AND SHORELINE
HOUSING
PUBLIC FACILITIES
Education
Protective Services
Government Operations
Health and Sanitation
PUBLIC UTILITIES
Water
Telephone
Electricity
Gas
Sewer
RECREATION
TRANSPORTATION
Thoroughfares and Streets
Transportation Terminals
LAND USE
Introduction and Analysis
Land Use Concepts
Agriculture
Commercial Development
Industrial
Multiple Residential
Single Family Residential
Resort
Open Space
Public Lands

INTRODUCTION

This section provides an overview of the General Plan with respect to its history, the program and planning process used in its development and the intended means of implementing the plan. The introduction also presents a discussion of the County's historical trends and alternative employment and population projections.

The County of Hawaii's General Plan is the policy document for the long-range comprehensive development of the island of Hawaii. The General Plan provides the direction for the future growth of the County. It brings into focus the relationship between residents and their pursuits and institutions, offering policy statements which embody the expressed goals for present and future generations.

General plan studies in the County of Hawaii were initiated in the late 1950's. The first of these studies, "A Plan for Kona," was completed in 1960 and encompassed the districts of North and South Kona. "A Plan for the Metropolitan Area of Hilo" was completed in 1961 for the districts of South Hilo and Puna. "The Kohala-Hamakua Region General Plan" was completed in 1963 and covered part of the district of North Kona and the districts of North and South Kohala, Hamakua and North Hilo. These regional plans were adopted by Ordinance No. 317 in July 1965, as the General Plan for the County. The district of Ka'u was the only area in the County not covered by this plan.

With the adoption and ratification of the County Charter in 1968, the General Plan emerged as a major policy document. Section 3-16 of the County Charter states:

The first General Plan document to be completed after the ratification of the County Charter in 1968 was adopted by ordinance on December 15, 1971 by the County Council. Upon adoption of the General Plan in 1971, the Council laid the foundation for establishing a comprehensive planning program for the County of Hawaii. This program consists of three interrelated parts arranged in a hierarchy described below.

The initial development of the General Plan program, undertaken between 1968 and 1970, investigated, analyzed, and evaluated concurrently all aspects of the County under a common or standard methodology. The General Plan program was funded through an agreement between the County of Hawaii and the Federal Department of Housing and Urban Development through the State of Hawaii Department of Planning and Economic Development. The initial General Plan study program was conducted over a 36-month period and was completed by the Planning Department with the technical assistance of professional consultants in the fields of drainage and flood control, historic sites, sewerage, economics, and water.

The 1971 General Plan required five and ten year comprehensive reviews and updates. The reviews and updates are intended to maintain the dynamism and flexibility of the General Plan and to accommodate major changes and trends which may occur within the

County. The County initiated a review of the Land Use Pattern Allocation Guide Map in 1978 and which led to several changes to the map. Other changes which were made include the addition of an Energy element and amendments to procedures for the comprehensive reviews and proposals for specific amendments to the General Plan.

The planning process utilized for the current comprehensive review and revision of the General Plan included an assessment of the General Plan elements relative to new data, laws, and methods of analysis. Each study element was then analyzed and evaluated in relation to all other elements, County and district goals, and the land use pattern. Potentially, a change in one element could affect other elements as well as the land use pattern. Similarly, a change in County and district goals could potentially be reflected in all elements and in the land use pattern.

The comprehensive review of the General Plan gathered and assessed the data related to each element in order to identify present conditions and problems and future possibilities. The study elements which are utilized in the General Plan included the following:

Each study element has been divided into sections which are described below.

Introduction and Analysis: Describes the element and summarizes findings, County-wide characteristics and features, trends, changes, and problems are discussed, as well as the outlook and opportunities for the immediate and distant future. The analysis also addresses the element's interrelationships with other elements.

Goals: Indicates the desired long-range directions and seeks to provide a cohesive and comprehensive framework within which social and economic programs and governmental effort can be coordinated.

Policies: States the methods or strategies which should be undertaken to attain the goals stated. These are action and program oriented and involve the formulation of standard procedures, program evaluation and review, rules and regulations, ordinances and laws, budgeting, specific projects, etc.

Standards: Concerned with qualitative and quantitative criteria by which situations can be evaluated or benchmarks established. Standards are basically "yardsticks" or indicators, minimum conditions or levels of quality necessary for the well-being of the public.

Courses of Action: Many study element require a more precise and definitive discussion of community concerns and problems. These sections attempt to identify specific alternatives on a community, district or regional basis.

As an aid to the understanding of the inter-relationship of the components of the General Plan, the separate elements of the General Plan may also be described as follows:

One of the most critical phases of the planning program is the implementation of the General Plan. It is the use of the plan rather than its mere existence which is of benefit. Public understanding and support are vitally necessary as the responsibility for the development of the island of Hawaii rests not only with the administrative and legislative branches of the County but with all people who live here. Widespread discussion will promote the understanding of unique and innovative concepts which are presented in the plan.

Implementation of the General Plan requires the development of middle and short range community, functional, and area plans. It also requires a systematic review of implementing ordinances such as the zoning and subdivision codes and the adoption of amendments to these codes in accordance with policies and standards of the General Plan.

The implementation of the General Plan is also related to the capital improvement and operating budgets. The capital improvements budget encompasses public improvements and facilities to accommodate the anticipated growth, and the County operational budget encompasses programs and services. Both are major components of the implementation of General Plan policies.

Implementation of the General Plan policies also require the adoption of ordinances to establish programs such as historic sites, housing, area improvement financing, areas of natural beauty and the like.

Although fifteen years have elapsed since the adoption of the County's planning program, all of the major components have yet to be put in place. Furthermore, the planning process must be viewed as a continuous non-linear and dynamic process instead of a static and linear one. Unanticipated opportunities as well as unexpected delays necessitate adjustments to programs, standards and policies. Nevertheless, standard procedures must be followed to insure implementation in a comprehensive and orderly fashion. The following procedures shall be required to provide the necessary guidance:

The County of Hawaii encompasses the island of Hawaii, which is the southeasternmost and largest island of the Hawaiian archipelago. The land area of the County is approximately twice that of all the other islands of the State.

The island of Hawaii has a diverse climate, topography, and scenic beauty. Environments range from dense tropical forests; majestic snowcapped mountains; active volcanoes; black, white, and

green sand beaches; deeply eroded valleys; and large expanses of grazing land. Each of the districts provide a variety of settings for human activity, land and resource utilization, or wilderness areas of minimal human intrusion.

Agriculture has played an important role in the County's economy throughout its history. In the late l700's, Hawaii began by provisioning ships. During the 1800's, sugar production and cattle ranching emerged as leaders of the modern agricultural industry. These industries dominated the island's economy and social fabric well into the 1900s.

Sugar, ranching and diversified agriculture continues to be an integral part of the County's economy. Commercial growing of nearly every tropical and semi-tropical product have been attempted here. From early experiments, the coffee, macadamia nut, papaya, and cut flower industries have emerged. Experimentation with new agricultural products will continue to contribute to the island's agricultural economic base. In addition, many of the County's manufacturing concerns are closely associated with agricultural activities.

Within the past twenty-five years, tourism has emerged as the primary economic activity on the island. Much of the economic growth experienced during this period can be linked with the expansion of the visitor industry.

In 1970, just prior to the adoption of the General Plan, the population in the County of Hawaii numbered 63,468. The 1970 census count was the first to show an increase, albeit small, since 1930. Population in modern history peaked at 73,325 during that year, largely as a result of the importation of labor for the sugar industry. The population decline between 1930 and the 1960s was primarily due to the increasing mechanization of the sugar plantation, limited job opportunities in other economic sectors, and the outmigration of residents. This decline was reversed during the 1960s with a modest growth of 2,140 residents between the 1960 and 1970 census.

Since 1970, the County's population has continued to grow. The 1980 census registered an island-wide population of 92,053 people representing a growth of 28,585 residents or a 45% increase over the 1970 census. Estimates prepared by the Department of Planning and Economic Development suggest a population of 106,400 in l985. These estimates represent the County's population approaching the island's native population in l779 estimated to have been between 100,000 to 150,000.

Table 2 summarizes the growth in Hawaii County's job count, by industry, from 1970 to 1984. The data indicates a shift of employment from agriculture towards tourism and other service categories. While there have been substantial increases in non-agricultural categories, farm and agricultural employment have

also increased, particularly in those districts which are not primarily dependant on the sugar industry. Another noticeable change is the absolute decline in construction and manufacturing jobs between 1970 and 1984.

The value of sugar, diversified agriculture and construction output increased during the 1970s. These increases together with net gains in the travel industry provided support for a period of unprecedented growth in employment and population in Hawaii County.

Hawaii County's employment expanded at an average rate of 3.4 percent annually since 1970 as compared to 2.3 percent between 1960 and 1970. The County added a total of 16,050 new employees since 1970. Since 1970, statewide employment increased at an average rate of 2.8 percent or more than 10,000 new jobs annually, compared to an average rate of 3 percent and about 6,500 jobs added annually during the previous decade.

Table 1. Population, Hawaii County

1930 - 1985

Change from Previous Census

Table 2. Job Count By Industry

1970-1984

The County's General Plan is a policy document which sets forth guidelines for future activities in the island of Hawaii for the next few decades. In order to plan for the future, it is necessary to understand both historical trends and future trends related to the number of residents and visitors to be served and the kinds of facilities and resources needed to fulfill their needs.

In traditional public planning efforts, entire plans have been based on the achievement of the projected levels of population. In many of these cases, where population numbers are goals, plans become obsolete when the projected number of residents is not achieved or is surpassed. Thus, the projections presented are not intended to be used as goals. Rather, this General Plan effort uses the projected levels of population as a guideline in land use planning. The projections represent what could reasonably be expected to occur in the future. The goals, policies, standards, and recommendations of this plan are intended to be flexible enough to cope with population levels below or above the projections stated in this section.

Employment and population projections for the County of Hawaii were developed through the analysis of relationships between economic activity, employment, and population. The analytical approach used entails the forecasting of employment in basic industries and the relationship that changes in employment have relative to population. An econometric model was developed and utilized to project total employment and population.

Basic industries which receive income from outside the County are assumed to be the foundation of the economy and the key to the development of the island. Industries which are considered basic are agriculture, tourism, the manufacturing of export products, and research and development.

Secondary industries are those enterprises which service basic industries and/or population. Retail and wholesale trade, bakeries, utilities, financial institutions, and local government are examples of industries in this category.

Three sets of projections were developed for the comprehensive review program, Series A, B, and C. The major variable in each of these projections was the rate of growth of the visitor industry. Plans for resort complexes and other factors were considered in the forecast of hotel rooms. It should again be emphasized that the projections are not statements of goals.

Series A is the most conservative projection. It assumes the demise of the sugar industry and modest expansion in the visitor industry. The overall 1985-2005 rate of growth for Series A of 2.0% per annum is less than the 2.9% rate of growth of employment in the County during the last five years.

SERIES A

POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY

PROJECTIONS, HAWAII COUNTY 1985-2005

EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS

HAWAII COUNTY, 1985-2005

Series B projections were developed as a medium series. These projections lie between Series A and C. Sugar employment is maintained and the overall per annum employment growth rate anticipated in Series B is approximately 3.7%.

SERIES B

POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY

PROJECTIONS, HAWAII COUNTY 1985-2005

EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS

HAWAII COUNTY, 1985-2005

Series C is an optimistic outlook of the County's future. It is assumed that 17,800 hotel rooms plus additional condominium units will be built in the County by 2005. The average annual growth rate of employment in Series C is 4.7%.

SERIES C

POPULATION AND VISITOR INDUSTRY

PROJECTIONS, HAWAII COUNTY 1985-2005

EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS

HAWAII COUNTY, 1985-2005

The economic activity experienced by the County over the past five years reflects growth in the County's population and employment. The projections indicate that there will be heavier dependencies on tourism. At present 9.1% of the County's employees work in hotels. By 2005 hotel workers may account for employment ranging from 10.7% in Series A to 14.8% in Series C.

Population Distribution

From the estimates of the islandwide resident population, other estimates have been made which attempt to project the distribution of population over the districts of the island. These are not intended to be included as population achievement levels for the districts, nor as firm statements or descriptions of future conditions. They are based on assumptions of potential employment growth rates described in the previous islandwide employment and population estimates, past district growth trends, and trends in the distribution of population over the island.

District Distribution

Year 2005

----------Series----------

ECONOMIC

The development of sound public policy requires an understanding of the economic factors affecting the planning area or region. Such factors are largely responsible for growth or lack of growth, and any planning effort which does not take them into account cannot be very effective. In varying degrees the other elements of the planning process are affected by the local economy.

The existence of population in any given area is based in part on economic reasons. Population usually settles, expands or declines in some correlation to economic opportunities or the lack of them. Besides affecting the number and density of population, economic activity has a direct bearing on income level, which to a certain extent determines the standard of living of the individual.

Different types of employment influence the social character of communities. The size and character of the population in turn define needs for housing, transportation, public utilities and facilities, special combinations of land use, recreation, and so forth. Economic studies are thus one of the necessary first steps in developing plans for public and private actions.

Government has a responsibility to identify, understand, forecast, protect and promote local economic sectors and to balance economic growth with desired environmental, social and other objectives of the host community. Government has many policy instruments available to influence and guide developments, investment, and operation of private and public interests.

The economy, however, should not be considered as the only goal of the General Plan. The planning process is geared towards the achievement of a higher quality of life for the residents of the County. Working towards the goals, policies, and standards of this element are only one aspect of accomplishing this desired end.

The Island offers several amenities conducive for economic growth. Many of these are natural amenities such as a favorable and equitable climate, scenic vistas, high mountains, deep oceans, active volcanoes, large land areas, and an environment fairly free of pollution.

Despite these amenities, there have been a number of problems that tended to retard or limit growth on the island. Most imported goods have to be transhipped through Honolulu. The distances from the population center of Honolulu, the mainland, and other markets have limited the growth of export products from the Big Island. With the exception of sugar, only products which are unique and/or have high value are successfully exported, such as macadamia nuts, flowers, coffee, and papaya.

As the island of Hawaii's population and tourism grows larger and the export volume increases, more favorable rates on overseas carriers may be instituted.

The relatively small population in the State, coupled with the distance to mainland markets, creates a disadvantage for local businessmen. This situation is commonly called a "pocket market." The size of the population does not allow for efficient operations, and when exportation is considered in order to expand the market, the entrepreneur is faced with high transportation costs.

Physical catastrophies, such as tsunamis, volcanic activity, flooding, and droughts, have also retarded growth on the island. In addition to actual physical damage, the fear of the recurrence of natural hazards presented a psychological barrier for investment. Measures to protect life and property have been planned and instituted throughout the County. Further control measures are reported in this plan.

The economy of Hawaii County has experienced significant changes over the past two decades. While agriculture remains an important part of the County's economy, it has been eclipsed by tourism as the primary contributor to the County's economy. Despite these changes, most of the communities maintain a rural character.

With sugar as its leader, agriculture currently constitutes a major economic sector of the island of Hawaii. Including processing, the agricultural industry accounts for about 10 percent of the island's employment. Besides sugar cultivation and processing, local agricultural pursuits consist of the raising of cattle and other livestock, the growing of coffee, macadamia nuts, papaya, flowers and nursery products, vegetables, and several processing plants which utilize locally grown products.

Agribusiness is basically conducted on two levels. On one end of the spectrum are the three sugar plantations which account for a large percentage of agricultural employment. At the other end are the small, family-operated farms and ranches. The latter accounts for about three-fourths of the people engaged in agriculture.

Hawaii County accounts for approximately one-third of the sugar produced in the State of Hawaii, over half of the beef consumed, all of the coffee grown, most of the macadamia nuts, and varying percentages of the other crops and livestock. The total value of agricultural marketings rose 181 percent from 1970 to 1984, in part a result of higher prices. The number of farms and livestock operations increased from 2,500 to 2,650 in the same period. Acreage in farms, however, declined 15 percent during the 1970 - 1984 period. Diversified agriculture (non-sugar, non-pineapple) has shown substantial growth on the island of Hawaii. The island accounted for 56 percent of the diversified crops in the state in

1984 while livestock on the island accounted for 27 percent of the state total. These shares have remained relatively constant since 1970. The island's total diversified agricultural sales total has risen by 271 percent between 1970 and 1984.

One of the most pressing problems faced by today's agricultural industries is their ability to attract labor. Agriculture is facing increasing competition for labor from other sectors of the economy, such as the rapidly expanding visitor and construction industries. There is also a demand for a greater number of personnel with technical and professional agricultural training. A related problem is the housing shortage which is found throughout the island.

Competition from urban forces for agricultural lands has intensified. The protection of prime agricultural lands, however, has long been a policy of the County of Hawaii.

The pocket market situation and transportation difficulties mentioned earlier in this section are limiting factors for the production of agricultural products for local consumption and export. The State Department of Agriculture, the Department of Planning and Economic Development, the University of Hawaii, the College of Tropical Agriculture, and the County have programs to assist the industry.

The opportunities for the expansion of agriculture on the Big Island seem to be immense. Export products grown mostly on the Big Island, such as coffee, papaya, macadamia nuts, and flowers, have expanded rapidly over recent years. These commodities and others, such as ginger, guava and other tropical fruits, have potential for growth. There are also new high value crops which have potential to be successfully cultivated here.

With the introduction of intensified pasture management and a feed lot operation located on the island coupled with changes in consumer patterns, there is also a potential for cattle ranching expanding.

Fishing and aquacultural activities are also basic economic sectors. The commercial fishing industry on the island accounted for $3.7 million in 1984. Fishing has long been a part of the island's economy while aquaculture has shown renewed emphasis only in recent times. This industry remains in its infancy with only a few operators. Recent activities at Keahole may hold promise for significant future expansion.

The deep cold coastal waters off Keahole Point are nutrient rich and pathogen free. Experiments with the water have proven successful growing media for a variety of marine products.

Manufacturing or processing activities in the County of Hawaii have mainly been related to the agricultural industry. About 50 percent of the employees in the manufacturing sector are involved in the processing of sugar. Other forms of manufacturing associated with agriculture include the processing of macadamia nuts, the production of jams and jellies, and preserved vegetables. The food processing enterprises, excluding sugar processing, accounted for approximately 700 employees in 1984, 30 percent of the total manufacturing employment.

Other manufacturing activities are service-oriented, such as bakeries, printing and iron works. These operations are usually located close to population centers or transportation facilities.

The visitor industry has become the County's major economic activity in the past decade. The number of westbound visitors to the island of Hawaii in 1970 was 446,400. By 1984, the count showed 760,900 visitors. The hotel inventory during the same period grew from 3,200 to 6,944 rooms. Employment in hotels, services, and trade also experienced similar increases.

The growth of Hawaii County in terms of employment, population, income and economic activity during recent years has been more closely tied to the visitor industry than any other sector of the economy. Employment opportunities spurred by the growth of this industry has been the catalyst for economic growth in the County.

The principal visitor destination area of the Big Island is the South Kohala-North Kona region in West Hawaii. The single most popular attraction is Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.

There is substantial investor interest in the visitor industry on the island of Hawaii. To date, over one billion dollars of planned construction of resort-residential complexes have been announced in addition to the substantial investment already in place. Most of these plans are for the Kohala-Kona coastal areas. Resort developments have also been announced for the district of Ka'u. By and large the west side of the island has dominated the visitor market and this trend is expected to continue into the future.

Continued investor interest in resort development in the County suggests an economic future that promises new jobs and more commercial, recreational, and cultural activities. Along with these promises of a "better" life is the realization that the visitor industry is sensitive to exogenous factors, such as the national economy. High quality development, however, seems less subject to these factors. The key to orderly growth lies in proper planning and controlled development.

To a limited degree, Hawaii County has participated in the research and development industry through the Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa Observatories, the University of Hawaii Cloud Physics Laboratory, Hawaii Volcano Observatory, and various agricultural research centers. The University of Hawaii at Hilo College has become a four-year institution and will play an increasingly important role in this community. The university complex itself is an important economic force.

The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH) at Keahole is currently involved in research and development in energy, materials and aquacultural projects. Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) park located adjacent to NELH is being developed for similar projects on a commercial scale. NELH will soon be involved in geothermal-related research at the Hawaii Geothermal Project site in Puna.

Further, interest has been expressed for several years in developing a space launching facility in Kau.

Technological advances are occurring in many sectors and is not limited to the "high tech" computer industries. These changes brought by such advances have and will continue to affect Hawaii's industries.

Secondary industries, such as government, construction, trades (retail and wholesale), utilities, financial institutions, and professional services are most often located close to population centers. Population usually locates close to employment centers which, in turn, are based on primary income generators, such as tourism or agriculture. Major transportation facilities also attract secondary industries.

The major governmental, service, commercial, transportation, and educational center on the island of Hawaii is the city of Hilo. Of the island's population, 30 percent resides within the city limits. Key to the growth of the city have been the transportation facilities. Until Kawaihae Harbor was constructed on the west coast of the island, Hilo Harbor was the only deepwater port in the County. Hilo's General Lyman Airport has been improved to accommodate inter-continental jets while Kona's Ke-ahole Airport has been receiving direct overseas flights.

In addition to the developing urban center at Kailua, there are many other communities throughout the island, which, for the most part, are small and rural in nature. These communities, ranging in population from 300 to 1,500, constitute the remainder of the "urban" areas of the County.

Employment opportunities have increased by over 13,000 jobs during the period 1970 through 1984. The industry category experiencing the largest increase was hotel employment, followed by retail trade. This is evidence of the impact that the visitor industry has had on stimulating the County's economy. Employment in secondary industries also expanded. The largest employment decrease was in the sugar industry which reduced labor needs in harvesting and processing.

The following table depicts the shifting of employment between the major sectors of the County's economy. It indicates that the County's economy has shifted from an economy dominated by agriculture in 1960 to a more diversified economy with a significant service-oriented component.

Much of the increase in employment, especially in hotels and retail trade, has been absorbed by the women in our population. The current ratio between Hawaii County's total employment and population is the highest in the State. The participation rate indicates that the County's labor supply has been largely utilized. This situation indicates that new labor demands may have to be partially met through in-migration.

Rising wage levels and more secondary workers caused per capita personal income to rise from $4,059 in 1970 to $9,396 in 1983.

Upon completing high school, an increasing proportion of the County's youth have pursued higher education. However, despite this trend, there is still scarcity of employment opportunities for the college-educated who desire to return to the island.

The population of Hawaii County has grown steadily since 1970. District estimates for 1984 also show changes in the distribution of population. The South Hilo district still contains over 40 percent of the island's population. The remainder of the nine judicial districts have resident counts ranging from 1,576 in North Hilo to 18,226 in North Kona.

The growth of district populations in the last twenty years is closely associated with the existence of visitor industry facilities

in an area. North Kona and Puna experienced the largest increases. The population of North Hilo and Hamakua declined. The district of Puna, in spite of the closing of the Puna Sugar Company, grew at an annual rate of 8.7 percent reflecting the continuing settlement on relatively less costly lots created decades ago.

The following is a brief analysis by judicial district for each district. The entire County, however, is an economic system and there are many interrelationships and interdependencies among the various districts. Each district is an integral part of the County and is treated as such. The courses of action shall be consistent with and supportive of the goals, policies, and standards set forth in the overall economic element.

Population increased in Puna as a result of employment opportunities in the city of Hilo and in agriculture within the district. Also contributing to this increase was an in-migration into subdivided areas.

Puna is primarily an agricultural district. The area also includes part of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, large undeveloped subdivisions, forest reserves, and several small concentrations of population. Most of the subdivisions were created prior to the Comprehensive Zoning Ordinance and are in agricultural zones.

Diversified agriculture in the form of truck farming in the Volcano area; papaya groves in the Kapoho area; and flowers, principally anthuriums and vanda orchids, in the Mountain View, Pahoa and Kapoho areas are important. The papaya and flower industries have experienced rapid growth in recent years. Factors currently inhibiting the growth of these industries are the shortage of labor, housing, processing requirements, and plant disease.

Geothermal resource utilization is a small part of the existing economy of Puna. Future potentials remain uncertain though they may be promising if implemented properly.

Except for the Kulani Prison project, there are no major government installations in the Puna district.

The visitor industry has very little visible effect on the Puna district other than some roadside stands. There are a number of visitor attractions frequented by tourists, such as the Kaimu Black Sand Beach, portion of the Volcanoes National Park, and the Painted Church.

Puna's population will probably continue to grow at its past rate. The major sector of its economy will continue to be agriculture, such as papaya, macadamia nuts and flowers. However, there are several problem areas which have already been mentioned as well as others such as capital requirements which have to be overcome for expansion. There is also potential for a limited amount of visitor facilities in the form of small accommodations and support facilities, such as recreational areas, botanical parks, and others. Puna also will continue to serve as a residential area for some people working in the city of Hilo.

Population growth has occurred primarily in the city of Hilo while the older plantation based communities on the Hamakua coast declined.

The city of Hilo (hereafter referred to as Hilo) is the County seat and the only metropolitan area on the island. Hilo also functions as the island's industrial, commercial, distribution and population core. Approximately 30 percent of all Big Islanders live in this city. The rest of the population is scattered in other settlements throughout the island.

Sugar is one of the largest single industries in the South Hilo area. Although plantings of sugar cane are found within the city limits, most of the cane is grown in the rural areas. Hilo Harbor serves as the primary shipping point for the sugar industry. A number of related industries are also located in the city, such as fertilizer distributors, petroleum product distributors, machine and equipment dealers, repair facilities, and some light manufacturing. Several crop and livestock businesses are located in South Hilo.

Hilo is also known as the Orchid Capital of the world, as flowers are grown extensively throughout the vicinity. In addition to orchids, anthuriums have been making remarkable progress in marketability.

Several kinds of manufacturing operations are located in Hilo, including the processing of food, fruit, sugar, livestock, and garment manufacturing. The forest reserves represent a large, virtually untapped economic resource.

With the establishment of a four-year college there is potential for further research and development industries in the city. Already established in Hilo are the University of Hawaii Cloud Physics Laboratory, agricultural experiment stations and astronomy related base facilities.

Tourism in Hilo grew then declined between 1970 - 1984, beginning with 1,308 hotel and condominium units available for visitors in 1970, then peaking at 2,152 units in 1976 and returning to 1,313 in 1984.

Commercial endeavors are being expanded. The largest project is the recently completed Prince Kuhio Plaza, anchored by Liberty House, Woolworth and Sears. Numerous other office buildings, shops, and services are serving the growing needs of the island community.

Hilo with its population size, harbor and airport facilities, higher education complex, and new investment has potential for economic growth. There are, however, some problem areas. Major public facilities, such as the airport facilities and the university facilities in Hilo, rely heavily on State funds and this County must compete with other areas of the State. A new shopping center has intensified the competitive situation between new and older commercial areas. Finally, the recent declines in the visitor and sugar industries in east Hawaii are resulting in some declines in allied sectors. New economic base activities in east Hawaii are needed if the city is to continue its role as the island's commercial and service center in the future.

Population in North Hilo has declined for more than 50 years. One of the major factors attributing to this decline has been the decrease in the demand for workers of the district's major industry, sugar. The major population and service center for the North Hilo district is Laupahoehoe.

Like Hamakua to the north, the North Hilo district is agriculturally oriented. On the arable lands of the lower elevations, which stretch from Honohina-Ninole to Ookala, sugar cane dominates the landscape, with smaller acreages of diversified crops scattered in between.

The Hamakua Sugar Company represents the single most important source of income and employment for the residents of this district.

Manufacturing in this area is limited to the processing of sugar cane. It is expected to remain stable as newer and better methods are utilized and as lands are more efficiently cultivated for sugar cane growing. The amount of land available for growing sugar cane, however, is limited.

At higher elevations are large tracts of grazing lands, native and planted forests, and the sparsely vegetated slopes of Mauna Kea. Some of the planted timber stands and certain species of native hardwoods have been logged.

Economic growth under present conditions is limited in the district. The young have continued to leave the area because of the lack of employment opportunities and social life. The mill at Ookala will cease operations and the demand for labor will continue to lessen. Diversified agriculture shows the greatest potential for growth.

Hamakua's population has grown over the past ten years. This has been largely due to increasing resort activity in the neighboring district of South Kohala and the continuing settlement of the rural homestead areas. There has been some internal movement in this district into the town of Honokaa, which represents the commercial and residential center of the district. There are several smaller communities strung out along the Belt Highway which

serve primarily as residential settlements related to the sugar plantations. At the higher elevations there are scattered homesteads and ranches. The towns of Honokaa and Paauilo act as the main trading areas for this district.

The economic mainstays of this area are sugar, cattle, macadamia nuts, and diversified crops. These are the greatest sources of income and employment for Hamakua. There are numerous cattle ranches and several different varieties of diversified crops at the higher elevations. Of these, macadamia nuts are expected to continue to play an important role in the future of agricultural development. Other crops grown in this area are taro, watermelons, tomatoes, and other vegetables. A cattle feedlot and slaughterhouse operation have been developed and should increase the role of the Hamakua district in the beef industry as well as promote diversification of sugar-related products.

Manufacturing is limited to the processing of sugar, macadamia nuts, beef and other food products.

At the present time Hamakua does not directly play a significant role in the tourism industry. There is a total of twenty hotel rooms which are primarily utilized by local travelers and construction workers.

The Hamakua area also serves as a residential community for people who work in South Kohala.

*Note: Kapaau Statistical boundary changed for 1970 census.

Population in North Kohala has grown only slightly in ten years. A major factor preventing a more substantial decline due to the closure of Kohala Sugar is development in South Kohala, particularly the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel.

Cattle, nursery products and macadamia nuts are the major agricultural products. On smaller acreages truck crops are grown. The cattle industry which utilizes the bulk of the land area is the second most important source of income for the area. The largest tracts of grazing land extend from the top of the Kohala mountains to Akoni Pule Highway.

There are several hundred acres of macadamia nuts in the area. All production from these orchards are transported out of the district for processing.

Another important source of income and employment is tourism and its related service industries. Major tourism facilities, however, are not located in North Kohala, although the area does contain many natural and historical amenities conducive to the development of tourist related facilities. There are many residents of this district who work in the adjoining district of South Kohala.

There are several sites in this district with the potential of becoming small resort areas. To date, however, no significant resort development has occurred in the district.

The major private landowners are the Kohala Sugar Company, Bishop Estate, Richard Smart and Kahua Ranch. Together with the State of Hawaii, these landowners account for 90% of the land in this district.

The Upolu Airport can serve a limited number of flights. There is no regular scheduled service to Upolu by the three primary inter-island carriers. With the completion of the Akoni Pule Highway, a circuit into the district was formed. Prior to the completion of this project, the North Kohala area was serviced by a single highway which wound through the Kohala mountains.

The primary economic activities of this area are tourism, cattle ranching, and diversified crops. Other activities which contribute to the economy are education and scientific research associated with the Mauna Kea observatories.

Kawaihae Harbor is the second deepwater port on the island. The Kawaihae small boat harbor add to the inventory of amenities in the district and provides limited recreational and commercial sport fishing activities.

The Mauna Kea Beach Hotel, which began operations in 1965, opened the door to the resort development of this area. The areas which surround proposed developments have attractions for tourists and residents alike. Hunting on the slopes of Mauna Kea and the Kohala mountains, deep sea fishing, hiking trails, historic sites,

sandy beaches, and a diversity of climate are some of these attractions.

There is considerable investor interest in South Kohala. The three large resorts in the district - Mauna Kea Resort, Mauna Lani Resort, and the Waikoloa Beach Resort - have the capacity to accommodate 8,000 hotel rooms and a like number of condominiums. This potential growth can become a major economic factor on the island. One of the emerging problems is labor supply and another is the availability of housing.

The cattle ranching industry utilizes most of the land area, and pastures are found from the higher slopes of the mountains down to the seashore. Parker Ranch, one of the largest privately owned ranches in the world, has its headquarters in Waimea. The cattle industry utilizes feed lot operations. This technique opens the door for the expansion of the cattle industry and silage crops.

Waimea is one of the most productive areas for vegetable crops on the Big Island. Cabbages, celery, lettuce, daikon (turnip), peppers, broccoli and carrots are grown here. Experiments are being conducted on different crops as well as on the improvement of those presently grown. The agricultural industry, especially truck farms, has potential for further expansion. This industry, faced with competition for resources from tourism and other urban forces, needs governmental assistance.

The educational sector includes Hawaii Preparatory Academy (HPA) with 600 students in grades K through 12, including 240 boarders from 23 countries. In addition, Parker School is a day school of 122 students. Parker School includes the New Kahilu Theatre which is among the top five theater facilities in the State. HPA is also building a performing arts center.

The Canada-France Hawaii Telescope has its base facility in Waimea. The base, which is under expansion, has a full time staff of 47 and an annual operating budget of $4.2 million. As several planned telescopes are built on Mauna Kea, additional base facilities may choose to locate in Waimea due to its desirable environment. In late-1986, the Keck Telescope base facility was announced for development in Waimea.

*Census boundary of Kailua expanded for 1980 census.

Spurred primarily by the employment opportunities created by the expanding visitor industry, population has increased in North Kona in the last ten years. Most of the population is located along the major highways of the district.

Tourism has expanded tremendously in North Kona, primarily in Kailua Village. Currently there are about 4,748 visitor units in the area.

The visitor industry is expected to expand at a rapid rate in North Kona. One major problem faced by this industry is attracting labor and providing housing for their employees. Investor interest in the area has caused land prices to soar, especially in coastal areas.

Kona has traditionally been a coffee producing district and population has centered around the mauka coffee areas. The coffee situation has taken a dramatic upturn in recent years after many years of decline.

Besides coffee, agricultural enterprises include cattle ranching and the growing of fruits (bananas and avocados), macadamia nuts, and vegetables, particularly tomatoes.

Timber and fishing are small industries in Kona. Logging of native hardwood at one time provided a major source of income in the district. The Kailua harbor is considered a major center for big game fishing and international tournaments are held annually.

Quarrying operations for building materials are also conducted in North Kona. Other forms of industrial activity include construction and printing.

The ownership pattern of land is characterized by a few owners holding vast parcels of land. In recent years a number of these owners have announced plans for large resort-residential complexes in Kona. An example is the Kamehameha Investment Corporation, which is the developer of Bishop Estate lands. Their master plan for the Keauhou area calls for the development of a resort-recreational destination area. This project is just one of several announced for North Kona.

There are several government projects of significance to the district's economic future. A small boat harbor at Honokohau has been constructed just outside of Kailua Village. This facility will complement the already world famous big game fishing of the area. Further north along the coast, the Keahole airport has been built. It replaced the old airport in Kailua which was considered inadequate to service the increasing air traffic in the area. Presently, the State is initiating an update of the Keahole Airport's master plan. Airport terminal and runway expansion is expected to be pursued after the master plan is revised.

Finally, the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii at Keahole Point and the proposed Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology (HOST) Park adds the potential for the development of a new industry in Kona and further diversification of the economic base of the community.

South Kona's population has increased by 45.1 percent in the last decade. The major trade and population concentrations are along the Mamalahoa Highway at Kealakekua, Captain Cook, and Honaunau.

The primary economic activity of this district is agriculture, with the most important industry being coffee growing and processing. Macadamia nut orchards have increased in acreage due to the massive orchards in the Honomalino area.

Due to the upturn in coffee prices, the number of coffee farms has increased in recent years. Compared to other coffee producing areas of the world, the Kona coffee growers have a comparative disadvantage because of higher wages paid to laborers and the lack of technological advances in the industry. To date, there has been no successful coffee picking machine produced. Due to the higher unit cost of production, the profits of Kona coffee growers are relying upon high prices created by the gourmet appeal of the coffee. The marketing agreements between a variety of companies may stabilize this industry.

Also grown in the South Kona district are bananas, citrus crops (oranges and tangerines), avocadoes, winter tomatoes and other truck crops, and macadamia nuts which are expected to be one of the prime industries in the district. Cattle ranching is also one of the prominent industries in the district.

Manufacturing in South Kona is confined to coffee roasting and macadamia nut processing.

Unlike the North Kona area, the South Kona district has limited accommodations for overnight visitors. There are plans and proposals for developments, such as residential subdivisions and State park systems.

Population remained fairly stable in the Ka'u district. The major communities of Naalehu and Pahala experienced growth reflecting the plantations' effort to centralize these communities.

Located on the southern and eastern flanks of Mauna Loa, the Ka'u district is the largest on the Big Island. This massive district is made up of barren lava fields, lush green acreages of sugar cane, large tracts of grazing lands, forest reserve lands, and macadamia nut orchards.

Agriculture is the economic mainstay of the Ka'u region. Sugar cane, cattle, and macadamia nuts are grown here. The sugar company located here provides the basic source of income and employment for the majority of the residents.

Within the Ka'u area are several cattle ranches which utilize vast acreages of grazing lands. Although employment in this sector is not large, it plays an important role in the area's economy.

The macadamia nut industry, like the cattle industry, does not have a large labor force, but as more trees come of bearing age, employment will increase. Many acres in the Honomalino area are in macadamia nut orchards.

C. Brewer & Co., Ltd., the major landowner in this area, has a master plan for resorts along the Ka'u coast. They have developed golf and tennis facilities at Punaluu beach. The master plan includes the expansion of resort facilities there.

ENERGY

Nationally, for the remainder of the 20th Century, most of the energy demand will be met with fossil fuels and nuclear fission. In turn, fossil fuels are fast becoming a scarce world commodity due to the increasing demand. Hawaii is currently most vulnerable to dislocation in the global oil market, but is also endowed with a variety of natural energy resource alternatives which are renewable or inexhaustible and potentially low polluting sources of electricity. Hawaii's near total dependence on imported petroleum provides the incentive for the promotion of energy conservation and the development of technology to harness local natural (solar, hydrologic, and geothermal) energy resources, and to convert solid waste into an alternate fuel resource.

Petroleum provides approximately 60-65% of the Island's energy needs. One hundred percent of the petroleum products must be imported into the State in one of several forms. Most of the petroleum consumed in the State is imported as crude oil, which is then processed in the two local refineries Chevron and Hawaiian Independent Refinery, Inc. both located at Barber's Point, Oahu in the Campbell Industrial Park. Both refineries receive crude oil from Indonesia, Alaska, Africa, Malaysia, and the Persian Gulf. Petroleum products, primarily jet fuel, fuel oil, and liquid petroleum gas, are also imported from California, the Caribbean, Singapore, and other areas to meet the demand not met by the refineries. Synthetic natural gas which is widely used on the Island of Hawaii is also manufactured from petroleum on Oahu. Petroleum products are received on the Big Island at the Kawaihae and Hilo Harbors.

Under normal circumstances an estimated 30-day aggregate supply of most petroleum products is stored at the oil terminals and tank farms. A major interruption of petroleum supply due to a lengthy maritime strike, a disaster at the source of crude oil supply, the sinking of a petroleum tanker or barge, an aviation disaster at Campbell Industrial Park, etc. could seriously affect the County of Hawaii's petroleum supply. The island's economy is also vulnerable to interruptions in the supply of oil from the Middle East.

The County of Hawaii must decrease economic vulnerability and energy costs. To do so, the County must combine the efforts of energy conservation and the development of natural energy alternatives that reduce the dependence on imported fossil fuels and increase energy self-sufficiency.

Electricity is a major form of energy utilized on the island of Hawaii. The Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. which is regulated

by the State, owns 6 power generation plants in the County. Most of these plants operate on steam energy and burn imported fuel. Two of the Hilo plants generate power through hydroelectric means. A few sugar plantations generate their own power by burning bagasse, wood chips, coal and fuel oil, selling their excess to the utility company and often buying power when their demand exceeds supply.

Electricity sold in the County increased 125% between 1960 and 1969, despite a population increase of 3.5%. The average annual residential power used in 1960 was 3,084 kilowatt hours. By 1969 the average amount of power consumed per household was 4,845 kilowatt hours. The population increased from 61,332 in 1960 to 106,403 in 1984 and correspondingly the average annual residential consumption increased to 5,827 kilowatt hours.

Power rates on this island are among the highest in the nation. One factor which contributes to this situation is the present method of power generation. Most of the electricity is obtained through the burning of imported oil. The cost of fuel coupled with transportation costs cause higher rates. The two hydroelectric plants in Hilo cannot generate enough power to service the city's needs. Other factors creating higher costs are the small market and the sparseness of population in a relatively large service area.

Power generating plants will be faced with increasingly stringent air and water pollution standards. Heated water discharge into the ocean, for instance, may be affecting the environment. The effects, however, are not fully understood at the present time. More stringent pollution controls for a better environment could possibly result in higher costs of power.

Except in a few instances, most of the power lines in the County are overhead ones. Although underground wiring has an aesthetic desirability, there are several problems in establishing such a standard. Underground power lines will probably last longer but cost more to install, especially in rocky areas. There is a problem of common sharing of trenches with other utilities. Another problem concerns the repair of breaks, for while broken lines will probably occur infrequently, they will be more difficult to locate. There has been, however, considerable progress in solving the technological problems concerning underground power lines.

Consumption of power will continue to accelerate faster than population growth as people become more affluent. Utility companies will probably design new plants which are more efficient and less polluting. Studies of sources of energy other than the burning of fuel are being conducted.

Electrical Energy Self-Sufficiency for the Big Island

The County of Hawaii must strive to attain energy self-sufficiency in order to minimize the dependence on imported fossil fuels. A commitment by both the government and the public

must continue for research, planning, and development to attain the goal of energy self-sufficiency for the County of Hawaii.

As a result of the 1974 and 1978 oil crisis, there has been concern over Hawaii's dependence on imported petroleum. In 1974 and 1976, the State Legislature enacted several significant bills which were designed to promote the research and development of natural energy resources, and the conservation of energy in order to foster a greater independence from imported fossil fuels.

The State Legislature adopted Act 237 (Chapter 196, H.R.S.) in 1974, which among other things, created the position of a State Energy Resources Coordinator to review and formulate existing and proposed energy resource programs.

Also in 1974, the State Legislature established the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI, Act 235) to foster development of local natural energy research at the University of Hawaii. The HNEI maintains cooperation and coordination between all levels of government and private organizations involved with energy related projects with potential for Federal funding, and serves as the central source of information on natural energy policies and programs.

Act 236, adopted by the State Legislature in 1974, established the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (NELH) at Ke-ahole (North Kona, Hawaii) to provide essential support facilities for future electrical energy research programs. The legislature selected Ke-ahole Point through the criteria for development of three of the proposed natural energy programs (OTEC, Biomass conversion, and direct solar energy utilization systems).

In 1976, the State Legislature adopted Act 189 which complemented the development half for energy self-sufficiency by the creation of tax incentives for the installation and use of "solar energy devices" and "alternate energy improvements" to promote energy conservation. These devices and improvements increase the level of efficiency, and decrease the utilization of electrical power which accounts for 42% of the total energy demand in the County of Hawaii.

In January of 1980 a final report prepared for the County of Hawaii entitled "Energy Self sufficiency for the Big Island of Hawaii" was released. The report recommended that the County government provide a favorable climate for energy savings and new energy production. It also recommended establishing an Office of Energy Coordinator. The Energy Coordinator is to:

In addition, the development of naturally occurring energy resources will become an increasingly important factor in determining future industrial activity on the Island of Hawaii.

1. Geothermal Energy

Geothermal Energy is natural heat energy from the earth that can be harnessed for direct thermal use and for electrical power generation. There are four basic ways in which this type of natural heat energy may be found: 1) steam; 2) hot water; 3) magma; 4) hot, dry rock. The construction of electrical power plants using hot water, brines, or steam separated from hot water or brine deposits is the most probable development of geothermal energy resources.

Geothermal drilling on the Big Island started in the early 1960's. Initial wells were either found to be unsuccessful or once drilled were not further developed.

In 1972, the Hawaii Geothermal Project (HGP) was organized to investigate the development of geothermal energy in Hawaii, and is a cooperative project involving Federal, State, County, and private funds. In April 1976, a successful well was completed near Kapoho in the Puna District, and HGP has since installed a power plant to demonstrate that geothermal energy is an economically viable natural energy alternative for the Big Island. The plant has been in operation for several years.

In 1983 and with subsequent amendments the Legislature amended the State Land Use Law, Chapter 205, Hawaii Revised Statutes, by authorizing the State's Board of Land and Natural Resources to conduct a county by county assessment of areas with geothermal potential for the purpose of designating geothermal resources subzones. Geothermal resource subzones may be designated within the urban, rural, agricultural and conservation land use districts. Only those areas designated as geothermal resource subzones may be utilized for the exploration, development or production of electrical energy from geothermal resources. Other amendments to the State Land Use law provide authority to regulate the direct use applications of geothermal resources.

In addition, the 1983 Legislature set criteria for legislatively designating geothermal resource subzones. Three geothermal resource subzones were established by this legislative method. The Board of Land and Natural Resources has subsequently designated the Kapoho, Kamaili, Kahaualea, and Kilauea Middle East Rift Geothermal Resource Subzones.

2. Hydroelectric Power

Hydroelectric power is one of the oldest generators of electrical energy. On the Big Island, hydroelectric power fulfills only a very small portion of the County's electrical energy demand.

On the Big Island, the percent of total demand supplied by hydroelectricity will probably remain insignificant due to the reliance on normal stream flows and the lack of impoundment required to store enough water for continuous or increased energy output. However, small scale hydroelectric units have been installed at Hawi and Waimea and others have been proposed for the Wailuku and Honolii Rivers.

3. Solar Energy

Solar energy is the basis of many natural energy alternatives in Hawaii. Solar energy generates the global winds; stores energy in biomass through photosynthetic activity; warms the oceans, can produce electrical power directly via photovoltaic cells; and can be used directly for heating through solar heat collection devices.

Solar Devices/Improvements: There are two direct forms of solar energy applicable to households; solar heat collection and solar light energy to electrical power via photovoltaic cells.

Solar heat collection is adaptable to domestic water heating which accounts for a major portion of the electrical power demand per household.

Advances in the use of photovoltaic cells to generate electrical power is also applicable on a public utility scale as well as on a domestic basis.

These solar energy devices and improvements can be considered energy conservation technologies since their domestic use will possibly decrease the total energy demand in Hawaii County.

4. Wind Energy

The University of Hawaii, Department of Meteorology, initiated a five-year program in 1977 for Solar Energy Meteorological Research for the purpose of continuing wind surveys to establish the relationship between weather conditions and wind strengths, speeds, and distribution. Wind energy can be used directly to generate electricity through windmill electrical generators or by pumping water into storage for use in hydroelectric power systems. Wind energy technology has been advancing, but as yet is not competitive enough to be a serious natural energy alternative. Once the technology is developed, Hawaii will be in an advantageous position due to favorable wind regimes in many areas of the island.

5. Biomass Conversion

Biomass is defined as "the total mass or amount of living organisms in a particular area or volume." Solar energy is converted into plant biomass through photosynthesis. Biomass can be used by direct combustion to produce thermal energy, then steam to generate electrical power.

On the Big Island, biomass conversion generates about 34% of the County's electrical energy. Locally, bagasse, the fibrous waste of sugar cane processing, is one source of biomass in use. Other sources of biomass that have been used for alternate energy include forest products from planted as well as natural stands of native and exotic species.

Biomass conversion is one of the projects of the NELH program at Ke-ahole point, and involves the cultivation and harvest of plant and animal life forms as a natural energy alternative.

Biomass can also be considered solid waste, since it is the basis for most of mankind's organic refuse, and can be processed into ethyl alcohol. Alcohol fuel is adaptable for use in hydro-carbon combustion systems which account for about 58% of the total energy demand of Hawaii County. Through combustion, alcohol can generate electrical power (via heat and steam) which represents the remaining 42% of the County's total energy demand.

6. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a form of solar energy where the ocean acts as a solar heat collector. This process uses the thermal differences between the warm surface waters and the cold deep waters to power a turbine/generator for electrical power generation. The NELH program at Ke-ahole point has installed an OTEC project plant to research the potential of this natural energy alternative.

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

The people of the County of Hawaii live in an environment with qualities that other areas have long since lost. Economic expansion and population growth in the County are bringing about more demand for products, transportation, services, energy and other necessities which could affect the environmental quality of the County. Further, a higher standard of living and advances in technology are changing the life styles of people from "fix and re-use" to "discard and buy."

The County's basic industries, agriculture, tourism, and research depend upon a "clean" environment for optimum development. Major crops, particularly flowers such as orchids, require clean air for healthy growth. The major visitor attraction, especially for tourists from large urban centers, is the natural beauty of the island, which is accentuated by the quality of the air and water. The environmental quality of the County thus not only enhances the life of residents but is also a major economic asset.

In order to maintain an ecological balance for the biological, physical, social and psychological well-being of the island community, it is essential to control abuses such as pollution. The price for greatly disturbing aspects of the ecological system is not only an economic but a social cost as well. Increasing population and urbanization place a greater demand on our limited resource base, making their utilization and protection a vital concern to the people of the County of Hawaii. The increasing number and affluence of residents and visitors will increase the rate at which we consume our local resources; the amounts of sewage and solid waste, litter, junk cars and other scrap metal; the demand for electrical power which will necessitate additional sources; and the number of motor vehicles in use. In urbanizing areas the generation of pollutants will be greater with increased residential density. The long-range intent is to establish an optimum environment with the least amount of cost. Through legal and technological means the quality of the environment can be maintained.

Pollutants may be classified by characteristics, such as organic or inorganic, by stimuli, or by the type of environment affected, such as air, land, or water. Legislation of varying types relating to the appropriate disposition of specific pollutants have been enacted at different times. These are administered by different Federal, State and County agencies. Current legal controls are inadequate to prevent, abate, or control environmental pollution of the island at both the State and County levels. In addition, the large area of the County makes it difficult to adequately monitor and enforce environmental quality standards. The General Plan is concerned primarily with those controls which can properly be formulated and enforced by County agencies.

Current sources of pollution are becoming a problem not only in the amount and type of discharge but also in patterns of dispersal which cause local concentrations of pollutants. There is also a lack of basic information of the existing conditions of the County's environment. This is needed to establish a baseline from which future deterioration of the air, land, water and noise levels can be measured. In order to prevent, abate, and control pollution, it must be possible to recognize deteriorating conditions before they reach critical proportions.

The major sources of air pollution are open burning, the spraying of agricultural chemicals, modes of transportation, and fixed combustion sources, such as sugar mill and power plant stacks. Natural pollutants are also contributing factors. These include volcanic gases, open spray, and plant and insect products and fragments.

The burning of cane fields before harvest is staggered and infrequent and usually occurs in rural areas. The spraying of agricultural chemicals is controlled within many divisions and branches of the State Department of Agriculture and Health. Smoke from sugar mills are regulated through State and Federal standards.

Prevailing patterns of air circulation can cause local concentrations of pollutants. The northeast trade wind pattern on the windward coast is complicated by local upslope-downslope winds from the mountains. On the leeward coast, which is the side of the island sheltered from the trade winds, the diurnal land and sea breeze pattern prevails. Since this circulation pattern is self-contained within a limited area, as opposed to the trade winds which are part of a much larger circulation system, a concentration of pollutants can occur. The potential is great for smog conditions to develop, especially if vehicular and other air pollution sources increase. The Kona coast is typical of this situation.

There are State and Federal regulations relating to air quality standards and air pollution control in the County. Under the guidance of the Federal government, the State Department of Health is in the process of reviewing air quality standards and will amend its regulations.

The waters of the County are readily subject to contamination. These include fresh, marine, and potable water. As population increases and further development occurs, there will be an increased demand for drinking and irrigation water. There may be a possible need in the future to recycle sewage and waste water for use in irrigation and possibly as a drinking water source. The major sources of water pollution are sewage, natural surface runoff, and waste from agricultural activities.

There are six municipal sewage systems with treatment plants which serve limited areas. As a result, only a small portion of the County's sewage is treated. Most sewage is disposed of in private cesspools or is dumped untreated directly into coastal waters or rivers. Raw sewage outlets are primarily found along the steep cliffs of the east and north coasts of the island from older plantation housing areas. These methods of disposal inadequately meet the Department of Health's Water Quality Standards.

Because much of the volcanic soil of the island is highly permeable and underground lava tubes are widespread and unpredictable, seepage from cesspools have been known to contribute to the pollution of coastal waters and may pose a potential threat to underground sources of drinking water.

The State Department of Health is responsible for establishing, monitoring and enforcing the Water Quality Standards. These standards are intended to protect the environmental quality of the waters of the island as well as to maintain the public health.

The soils of the County consist of various forms and stages of volcanic lava. The young age and form of some of these make certain areas temporarily non-productive. Much of the volcanic soil is also highly permeable.

Soil pollution has occurred with the accumulation of industrial, agricultural, and domestic chemicals and by the improper disposal of solid wastes, such as rubbish, old cars, refrigerators, stoves and other scrap metal, thus creating both unsanitary and unsightly conditions.

There is no comprehensive program for the surveillance and monitoring of chemicals to be able to detect the rate and extent of accumulation. Little is known of their short and long terms effects on the environment and public health. In the future, increasing amounts and varieties of chemicals will be used and will accumulate in the environment.

Loud noises are known to have adverse physiological and psychological effects on people. Noise that is loud or out of character, especially from low flying aircraft, is becoming critically disturbing to residents. Residential and resort areas near the Hilo airport are particularly affected. Noise levels will become increasingly more disturbing due to more jet service, vehicular traffic, construction, and the increasing size and density of urban areas. The Department of Health is responsible for establishing standards and regulations for noise control. However, there are presently no State noise regulations for the Neighbor Islands. The Federal Aviation Agency has established noise

guidelines for determining compatible land uses surrounding airports, however the regulation of surrounding lands are left to the State and County.

Increased air transportation activity and changes in aeronautical technology, which could allow service by super-sonic aircraft, could change the "noise contours" that affect lands surrounding the Keahole and Hilo Airports. In order to eliminate the likelihood of surrounding land use development conflicting with future airport activity and/or expansion, appropriate easements and/or covenants should be required in conjunction with land use approvals for lands in the vicinity of the County's two major airports.

FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE

The problems of flooding in the County of Hawaii are attributed to three basic factors: surface runoff, high seas, and tsunami inundation. Flood control is usually limited to confining runoff within natural or man-made water courses and standing bodies of water. Drainage involves the collection and conveyance of runoff. The problems of high seas and tsunami inundation are generally alleviated by structural criteria, building setbacks, and land use restrictions.

The island of Hawaii is geologically very young and has not had a chance to develop defined water courses in many areas. These poorly defined water courses often overflow during rain storms. The South Kohala, North Kona, South Kona, Ka'u, Puna and South Hilo districts are particularly troubled with this problem.

The coastline of the island is susceptible to high seas and tsunami inundation. Tsunamis may be of local or distant origination. Historically, those of distant origin have caused the most damage. Of the 305+ miles of coastline, however, approximately 225 miles, or 75%, of the coastline is predominantly undeveloped cliff area and not subject to property damage. Damage from tsunami activity has been experienced in the Hilo-Waiakea area, the Laupahoehoe Point area, the Waipio Valley area, the Kawaihae-Puako area, and some portions of the Napoopoo, Keauhou, and Kailua areas of the Kona coastline. Low lying coastal areas of Ka'u and Puna have been devastated by tsunamis generated by local large scale offshore earth movements. There are now warning procedures to alert the public of the approach of a tsunami of distant origination. However, locally generated tsunamis give little or no warning for evacuation. An ongoing program to educate the public on tsunami hazards is needed.

Present drainage and flood problems are mainly due to the development of vacant lands, which are often subject to serious flooding, without any commensurate, coordinated development of new drainage systems or expansion of the existing drainage systems. In many areas, the capabilities of existing drains, channels, and culverts have been exceeded during heavy rains. Additional problems occur when debris accumulates and clogs waterways. The absence of easements in drainage and flood courses also hinders maintenance.

Except for the metropolitan area of Hilo and portions of Kona and Waimea, the majority of the existing flood and drainage systems are provided by plantations. Each plantation town has developed its own sewerage, water, and drainage systems. This policy of the plantations to "take care of one's own" has worked well in the past. However, with the conversion and development of plantation land that has historically been planted in sugar, government will need to take a more active role in providing flood control.

Since 1971, much progress has been made in alleviating flood and drainage problems and in establishing flood plain regulation. The general plan for the development of a comprehensive drainage system is the "Drainage Master Plan for the County of Hawaii." This report, along with newer reports from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (SCS), has guided the flood control and drainage improvements made to date. The "Drainage Master Plan" needs to be revised and updated to include the new studies that have become available.

Technical and financial assistance from agencies outside of the County has been instrumental in the progress made in drainage and flood control in Hawaii County. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has provided studies identifying the problems, needs and extent of Federal participation in flood control measures in particular floodplains. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Soil Conservation Service (SCS) has provided technical assistance in carrying out flood plain management studies. The SCS, along with the Soil and Water Conservation Districts, also provides conservation programs to reduce and control surface water and sediment runoff for individual agricultural and conservation landholders. The continued assistance of these agencies is essential for further progress in flood control and drainage in Hawaii County.

In 1982, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) published the "Flood Insurance Study" for Hawaii County. This study investigates the existence and severity of flood hazards in Hawaii. The flood boundaries for streams, and the flood insurance zones and base flood elevation lines are delineated in the Flood Boundary and Floodway Map (FBFM), and the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) respectively. These maps are the principal result of the "Flood Insurance Study," and have been incorporated into Hawaii County's Flood Plain Management Program.

The State participates in drainage and flood control through the Department of Land and Natural Resources' Division of Water and Land Development. This agency is responsible for the implementation of a statewide flood control program, and for providing technical and financial assistance to the counties and the Soil and Water Conservation Districts.

Because of the need for better coordination between the construction of properly planned drainage systems and urban development, Hawaii County now exercises flood plain regulations. The "Flood Insurance Study," identifying critical flood plain areas, coupled with the appropriate rules and regulations of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, has been incorporated into what is now Chapter 27 of the Hawaii County Code entitled "Flood Control." This chapter serves to promote public health, safety, and general welfare, and to minimize public and private losses due to flood conditions in specified areas. Chapter 27, along with the flood control provisions within the subdivision, building, and grading

codes, is the legal authority for Hawaii County's Flood Plain Management Program.

A general geographical description, a description of present flooding and drainage problems, and courses of action for the reduction of the flood and drainage problems are presented for the nine districts of the County. Maps showing drainage plans, flood hazard areas, and tsunami inundation zones shall be incorporated as part of the General Plan.

The climate of the Puna District varies considerably from the rocky shoreline to the rain forest areas in the upper elevation. Rainfall amounts are generally heavy and most of the district receives over 100 inches per year.

The district is subject to heavy rainfall and there is record of severe flooding in 1979 and 1980. Flooding along the Belt Highway and along the highway from Keaau to Pahoa were the major problems of the district but have been greatly alleviated due to highway improvements.

The lack of extensive development and the extremely permeable soils have helped to minimize major flooding. As urbanization increases within the district, however, flood problems are likely to increase. The conversion of land historically planted in sugar to other crops could also increase runoff. Soil and Water Conservation District conservation programs can help lessen the potential problem.

The flood hazard areas are difficult to delineate due to the lack of defined drainage ways. Recorded flood damage has mainly been caused by surface sheet flows which are likely to occur anywhere when heavy storms strike. Examples of this problem are found in Pahoa and Mt. View.

Agricultural lands along Wright Road in Volcano have a recent history of flooding and erosion. The Soil Conservation Service is currently studying the problem and possible solutions.

Systems which incorporate diversion channels to intercept sheet flows and main channels to transport the flows away or through the area have been proposed for the communities of Keaau, Pahoa, and Kalapana-Kaimu.

Drainage systems incorporating the use of diversion channels to collect and transport surface flows safely through the area are proposed for Mt. View. A portion of this system has been constructed, and a study of the Glenwood/Mt. View watershed is being

made by the Soil Conservation Service to evaluate the feasibility of constructing more drainage systems. Comparable systems would be applicable for the communities south of Keaau.

The entire coastline is susceptible to tsunami inundation. Most of the coastline, however, is undeveloped and/or has steep cliffs where development is not subject to damage. On November 29, 1975 a tsunami was generated by an earthquake centered approximately three miles offshore of Kalapana (magnitude 7.2 on the Richter Scale). Two people were killed and property damage of about $1.4 million was incurred. The total damage of the earthquake and tsunami amounted to about $4.1 million.

With the Wailuku River as a dividing line, the South Hilo district can be separated into two watershed study areas. To the north of the river, the coastline has abrupt cliffs 30 to 80 feet high that are broken by deep stream channels. Usable land areas have a ground slope of six to twelve per cent. Above the 4,000 foot elevation, the stream channels diminish in number and depth and have all but disappeared above the 7,000 foot elevation. Flooding problems in this area are primarily caused by local water runoff from cane fields situated above the communities.

South of the Wailuku River is a relatively flat plain of less than one per cent slope which extends towards the Hilo-Keaau Road. Above the road, the slope steepens to approximately six to twelve per cent. Stream channels are poorly defined and disappear at elevations above 2,500 feet.

Since 1837, Hilo has experienced about thirty tsunamis, an average frequency of one every four years. After the wave of April 1946, planning for a tsunami protection system was initiated by the Corps of Engineers. By a congressional resolution adopted in 1957 and by the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1960, authorization was given to proceed on an offshore protection system which incorporated breakwaters and navigational improvements. Subsequent studies have revealed that the high costs involved in the proposed tsunami barrier project made the project unfeasible. The project was subsequently inactivated.

Until recently the existing drainage system was the result of uncoordinated development. Lacking a comprehensive plan, property owners have constructed and installed drainage facilities to protect their own interests. In many instances, these facilities have seriously concentrated flows and aggravated situations downstream. Many of the proposals of the "Hilo Drainage and Flood Control Report" have been completed in the Waiakea area reducing the flooding problems.

Many of the culverts in upper Waiakea are inadequate. Roadside ditches, though small in cross-sectional area, are aided by the highly porous ground and are fairly effective even during heavy storms. One of the most serious problems faced by County maintenance crews is the frequent washout of cinder-gravel shoulders along road pavements. Another problem is the accumulation of vegetation growth and debris in waterways which causes overflow.

In the lower Waiakea area, storm damage is minimal due to the effectiveness of the Wailoa and Waiakea-Uka Flood Control Projects.

The Waiakea coastal area is subject to tsunami inundation and has suffered considerable loss to life and property from tsunami activity.

Kaumana's drainage system consists of roadside ditches, culverts, and narrow channels. Except for the Ainako Avenue area, all of upper Kaumana's storm water runoff is discharged either through the Waipahoehoe Stream or the Alenaio Channel. The Chong Street Diversion No. 3 and the Wailuku-Alenaio Diversion No. 4 along Akolea Road serves to reduce flooding in the lower areas and the Ainako Avenue sections.

The drainage system in the Ainako-Wailuku River area is comprised of box culverts that pass the discharge of the Ainako River across Kokea, Koula, and Kapaa Streets. The residential areas bordering the Wailuku River have a system of collection ditches. Except during very intense storms, there are few problems in the area.

Between tsunamis and runoff from higher elevations, the commercial district has displayed amazing recuperative abilities. Prior to the completion of the Waiolama Canal in 1924 and the Ponahawai Storm Drain System in 1926, this area was a virtual "sea" during heavy rain. The construction of the canal and the storm drain system have since provided some degree of protection for the area.

The Alenaio Channel discharges into the Waiolama Canal, conveying runoff from the upper area through the central business district. These major conduits in the downtown section are supplemented by pipe drains on Shipman, Waianuenue, Haili, Mamo, Ponahawai and Ululani Streets.

Except for the northern section of the business district, all of downtown Hilo falls within the Wailoa River basin and within the area tributary to the Alenaio Stream.

During periods of heavy rain, the runoff in Alenaio Stream has

exceeded the capacity of several of the culverts in the drainage system downstream of Komohana Street.

The shoreline areas south of the Wailuku River are subject to damage from tsunami inundation.

These communities have no serious flood problems although Honomu and Papaikou have experienced minor flooding. These result from runoff from the areas above the communities.

Although the entire coastline is subject to tsunami activity, the majority of the area is high cliffs and not subject to property damage. The only developed area affected by tsunami and high seas damage is the Hakalau Mill which is located at the base of the cliffs.

The district is characterized by an average ground slope of approximately ten per cent with scores of deep intermittent and perennial streams.

Other than runoff from cane lands, there is little record of urban areas being flooded. Each community is in close proximity to one or more gulches which carry flows from the upper watershed areas. The key to flood control within the district is to collect and divert surface runoff to the gulches. In addition, soil conservation practices are highly recommended.

The flood hazard areas are extremely difficult to delineate. High intensity storms can produce localized flooding in almost any area. The only definite flood hazard area is Laupahoehoe School.

The community of Ookala has not experienced heavy flooding although there are minor problems due to surface waters coming out of the cane fields above the town.

There is no record of any flooding within the community of Ninole. The existing flood control system provide by the plantation is adequate.

The community of Laupahoehoe has not experienced any extreme flood flows. However, there will be a need to supply flood protection for the community since Laupahoehoe School, which is located just to the south of the urban center, has experienced some flooding. Water comes down from the cane fields, especially when fields have been recently harvested or when the cane does not form a complete cover.

The community of Papaaloa has not experienced any serious flooding problems. With the projected expansion of the community there will be a need to provide flood protection for the area.

The North Hilo district is characterized by high sea cliffs, most of which rise 300 feet above the sea. Except for the Laupahoehoe Point area, development is not subject to tsunami damage.

The Hamakua District can be divided into two major watershed areas. The northern watershed, which affects the Waipio Valley area, extends upward into the Kohala Mountains. The second watershed extends to the peak of Mauna Kea and affects the communities of Kukuihaele, Honokaa, Paauhau, Paauilo, and Kukaiau.

Sixty-five years of records show that the district has suffered from twenty-six major storms and several times from high seas and tsunamis. The majority of the flood damage in this area is felt by the sugar industry, the State, or the County through damage to improvements within cane fields, roads, ditches, and bridges.

Streams originating above and flowing through Honokaa have caused flooding in the town. The existing culverts within the town also do not have adequate capacity to handle volume flows.

The communities of Paauhau and Kukaiau have not been subject to any high flood flows in the past and the only recommended flood prevention measures would be the construction of diversion channels above the communities to divert water from the cane fields into the surrounding gulches.

Localized drainage problems exist within the limits of Paauilo. These problems are caused by allowing surface waters to collect from large areas within the town and flow down narrow roadways. These problems could be eliminated if this water was intercepted and transported to the gulches for disposal.

The only area that is subject to tsunami inundation within the Hamakua district is Waipio Valley and three other uninhabited valleys to the north. Damage in Waipio Valley has been primarily to crops caused by periodic stream overflow. Requested solutions and subsequent studies of the problem have found approaches to be economically unfeasible.

The North Kohala district is subject to occasional heavy rainfall which creates heavy runoff. Streams collect water from the

upper watershed and convey most flows safely through the urban centers. Although the gulches are generally smaller than those on the Hamakua coast, they have adequate capacity to handle storm flows.

Other than damage to canefield improvements and highway culverts, there is no record of any extensive flood damage within the district. There are areas, however, which are subject to minor flooding problems. These include the town of Hawi which has suffered from surface sheet flows concentrating along the highway within the town, the highway and road culverts at Lipoa Gulch, and Halelua and Pueka gulches.

The community of Kapaau has problems similar to those of Hawi. The existing highway culverts are inadequate to handle peak flood flows and have caused minor flooding problems in the past. On each side of the highway the Makapala area is relatively flat and is susceptible to flooding by the Niulii and Waikani Streams.

The solution to the flood control and drainage problems of this district lies within two measures. These are the practice of proper soil conservation in agricultural lands and forest areas to help reduce and retard surface water and sediment runoff and improvements to natural channels to increase their capacity.

The North Kohala district has recorded runup from tsunami activity. Areas subject to inundation include the Pololu Valley area, the Hoea Mill area, the Upolu Point Airport area, and the Mahukona Harbor area.

The South Kohala district can be divided into two separate watershed areas. The Waimea Village watershed extends into the Kohala mountains. These mountains have high rainfall and several intermittent streams descend from them and flow through the Waimea area. Upon reaching the Waimea plains, these streams turn to the west and flow toward Kawaihae across the extremely permeable lava flows of Mauna Kea. The Waikoloa stream has caused flooding within the town of Waimea during high intensity storms when waters overflow due to sharp stream bends and generally inadequate flow-carrying capacities.

The second watershed area above the Kawaihae to Anaehoomalu shoreline extends from the coast to the peaks of Mauna Kea to Mauna Loa. The area is semi-arid with few well-defined channels and infrequent stream flows.

There are two flood control projects within the district, both within the town of Waimea. The first project, which consists of a lined channel and flood water retarding structure for the Lanimaumau Stream, has been constructed under the authority of the Watershed

Protection and Flood Control Act. The second study and planned flood control measure is for a lined channel along the Waikoloa Stream northward from Lindsey Road. This channel will alleviate much of the flooding from the Waikoloa Stream.

High intensity storms have caused flooding along the Mamalahoa Highway at Puako and along the highway from Kawaihae to Puako. These storms are very infrequent and tend to create flash floods. High flows have been experienced in the Hapuna Beach and Spencer Beach Park areas due to the flash floods. The Puako Beach lots have also been subject to flooding.

An added threat to the coastal areas results from fire which leaves the upper slope areas with limited ground cover and thus more susceptible to flooding.

The entire coastline of this district from Kawaihae southward is subject to tsunami and storm wave inundation. Runup has been recorded in Kawaihae and Puako.

The North Kona district can be divided into two watershed areas. The area north of Ke-ahole Point and the summit of Hualalai have very low rainfall and runoff. Rainfall for this area reaches a maximum average of 40 inches per year, but most of the area receives less than 20 inches per year. The soils of the area are extremely permeable and there is no record of hazardous flooding in this area.

The southern area, extending southward from Ke-ahole Point, contains most of the urban development and is subject to increasing hazards from floodwater damages as land is more intensively utilized. The area is characterized by dry vegetative growth along the coastal areas and thick tropical vegetation in the upper forest reserves. The ground slope is steep, averaging approximately fifteen per cent.

The steep slopes, shallow soils, frequent high intensity rains, and the lack of well-defined drainageways make many areas in the North Kona district susceptible to flooding and overland flows.

Flash floods, primarily from overflows of the Kawanui/Lehuula/Kainaliu, Keopu/Hienaloli, Waiaha, Kamalumalu and the Holualoa/Horseshoe Bend drainageways, have been identified by the USDA, SCS, "North Kona Flood Plain Management Study."

Flood water and sediment damage occurs along the entire coffee belt with the Kainaliu, Holualoa and Kailua village areas experiencing the heaviest damage.

The entire coastline of the North Kona district is subject to

inundation by tsunamis. Kailua and Keauhou have recorded runup and damage from tsunami activity in the past. In addition, the coastline has also been subject to damage from storm waves.

Being geographically young, there are few well-defined drainage ways in the district. The soils of the area are extremely permeable and few streams show evidence of reaching the ocean. Overland and stream flows are rare and can only be detected when the rainfall intensity exceeds the rate of infiltration.

The district is subject to sudden high intensity rainstorms that can strike anywhere and cause localized flooding. Flood prone areas have been identified by the USDA, SCS, "South Kona Flood Hazard Analyses."

Coffee and other agricultural lands are subject to erosional damage and roads and culverts are sometimes damaged by high flows and sediment deposition. The Sunset Coffee Mill Flood Prevention Project has provided substantial relief in the Napoopoo area.

There are also records of minor flooding from Kiilae, South Keokea, Honaunau and Wailapa Streams. In general, an area within 150 feet of the stream channels can be considered subject to flooding. Other areas with records of minor flooding include the areas along the Belt Highway in the area of the 1950 lava flows and at Hookena Road.

The entire shoreline is subject to inundation due to high seas and swells caused by hurricanes and distant storms. Coastal areas have received damage to roads, harbor facilities and ocean front buildings. The shoreline areas are also subject to tsunami activity. This includes the coastline from Napoopoo to Honaunau and the Milolii village area. Tsunami runup has been recorded in two locations along the South Kona shoreline, in Milolii and Hookena.

The Ka'u district can be divided into three separate regions. The northeastern region is dominated by the Ka'u desert. The average annual rainfall here is approximately 20 inches. There are few defined stream channels, none of which are perennial. The soils are very shallow, covering rough lava flows that are extremely permeable.

The southwestern region which extends westerly from the South Point road is characterized by moderate slopes, extremely permeable soils, and relatively young lava flows. The median annual rainfall

varies from less than 20 inches at South Point to 75 inches at the 5,000 foot elevation. There is little evidence of stream flow within this region and no record of damage from flood flows other than the flooding of roads within the Hawaiian Ocean View Estates subdivision.

The central region contains the communities of Pahala, Naalehu, and Waiohinu. There are several streams within the region, none of which are perennial. Flood flows occur when the soils are saturated and rainfall intensity exceeds the rate of infiltration. Storm runoff descends steep slopes behind the communities and causes flooding and deposition of sediment and debris in the communities.

There are three existing flood control measures in this district. A flood water channel and debris basin in Naalehu was completed in 1965 with additional improvements and modifications completed in 1969 and 1982.

The second project is within the town of Pahala and consists of diversion channels in the cane fields above the town and the improvement of Paauau Stream. Since their construction, there has been minimal flood damage in Pahala.

The third project is within the town of Waiohinu. It is designed to collect flows from the watershed areas and transport them around Waiohinu for disposal in the rock land area. This project has been implemented, but needs additional improvements.

Although major flooding within the communities has been addressed, flash flooding along the Hawaii Belt Road still occurs. The Piikea, Keawia, Paauau, Punaluu, Hilea, Kawaa, and Honuapo streams often exceed the capacity of the bridges' culverts and flood the roadway. This temporarily closes the road and effectively cuts off this district from the Puna/Hilo districts.

The entire coastline of the district is subject to tsunami and high seas activity, with the Punaluu and Honuapo Bay areas having been severely damaged from past tsunami activity.

HISTORIC SITES

The heritage of a community is documented by history, a series of past events. The physical evidence of such a documentation is often contained in archaeological and historic sites which support the written or traditional legacy.

The identity of a community evolves from the past. One way of understanding the present is through historic perspective, as our cultural values are basically derived from past generations. A three-dimensional record of the past puts us in a better position to judge and understand our contemporary values, progress, and lifestyles, as well as to illustrate our history.

Much of the early surviving history of the Hawaiian Islands had its setting on the island of Hawaii. Archaeological evidence indicates that this island was settled by the Polynesians at least as early as 700 - 800 A.D. Tentative evidence also suggest that it is likely to have been settled as early as 300 - 600 A.D. Many of the significant figures of Hawaiian history before the arrival of Captain Cook had their domains on the island of Hawaii; Paao, Liloa, Umi-a-Liloa, Keawe-a-Umi, Lonoikamakahiki, Alapainui. This is also true of many significant figures of the early historical times; Kalaniopuu, Kamehameha, Keoua, Ka'ahumanu, Keeaumoku, Kuakini and Kapiolani. The island was also home of special deities such as Pele and Her relatives, and Poliahu. Today historic sites are found throughout each district of Hawaii.

The State's Historic Sites Section indicates that over 10,000 have been identified and that there may be a total of 100,000 - 300,000 sites on the island. These sites often provide information of Hawaiian history and culture prior to the arrival of Captain Cook and for which there often are no written sources. Other sites include those which have been significant in historical times. The historical process encompasses the development and evolution of Hawaii from the earliest settlement to the arrival of the various ethnic groups whose cultural lifestyles have blended to form what is now Hawaii.

There is continuing concern for the historic sites of the County of Hawaii on the part of residents, governmental agencies, and private developers. It is realized that once destroyed, historic sites and the information which they contain cannot be replaced. As the early history of Hawaii was kept through oral tradition, the reconstruction of this period is to a large extent based on the physical evidence of sites. Many landowners are becoming aware that Hawaiian artifacts used in daily living are being removed from their lands for or by collectors. Consequently sites have been despoiled and information regarding the function of site itself and the artifacts have been destroyed. Increased land development and the

prices being paid for artifacts by collectors endanger many historic sites.

It is important to recognize that the history of this island is the history of those who live here. Public access to major historic sites has not always been available, and the information derived from sites and its significance have not always been distributed.

The State's Historic Sites Section in the Department of Land and Natural Resources is charged with a variety of tasks within the State's historic preservation program. It keeps an inventory of known historic sites and promotes surveys to identify and document new sites. It also has a program element to place significant sites on the Hawaii Register of Historic Places and also coordinates the nomination of sites to the National Register of Historic Places.

Archaeological investigations continue to be conducted on the island of Hawaii, adding to the list of known sites. These investigations as well as cultural and historical research are important in identifying significant cultural resources and helping to provide the basis for their protection and management. However, as indicated by the large number of estimated sites on the island it is also important to establish criteria for determining what is significant.

The following is a historical profile of the districts. The brief historical sketches of each district are intended to bring into focus the relationship of the district to the island as a whole. The list of sites which are included for the districts are those that have been officially placed on either the Hawaii Register or the National Register of Historic Places. It is important to understand that the listing of sites and their evaluation is an on-going process. Many other sites for the districts have been identified and may be equally significant but the process of evaluation and placement on a register has not been completed. New sites are constantly being found and these must be evaluated in conjunction with those already known.

In the history of the island of Hawaii, the district of Puna did not have a great political influence. However, Puna is most closely associated with the goddess Pele. For the most part, Puna followed the course of the adjacent districts of Ka'u and Hilo. No strong family lines evolved in the district to have power over any of the other districts, and the lands of Puna almost always went to the ruler of Ka'u or Hilo.

The most significant historical feature known in Puna is the Waha'ula Heiau, located in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. This was the first luakini heiau (temples presided over by the high chiefs)

to be built by the priest Pa'ao, circa 1275 A.D., and the last in use until its destruction was ordered by Liholiho in 1820.

Mackenzie Petroglyphs Malama-ki Hawaii Register

King's Highway Malama-ki Hawaii Register

Puna-Kau Historic District Various National Register

In Hawaiian tradition, the district of Hilo played an important role. A cave behind Rainbow Falls was the home of Hina, the beautiful woman who bore the demigod Maui for the islands' traditional founder, Hawaii Loa. Pele herself shaped the area of Hilo by sending fingers of lava down the slopes of Mauna Loa. Kamehameha I spent part of his youth in the district and moved and overturned the Naha Stone, an omen of his later rise to power.

In 1778 the first written reports of Hilo were made by Captain James Cook, who said that heavy seas prevented his landing at "Aheedoo." One of the explorers who came after Capt. Cook was Lord Byron, who first charted Hilo Bay. For years, the bay was known as Byron's Bay and the entrance to the harbor, Blonde Reef, was named after his ship.

Following the explorers came fur traders and other seamen who found the islands an ideal location for wintering and for obtaining provisions. By 1791 the exploitation of sandalwood began and Hilo's reputation as a port had emerged.

At the end of the sandalwood era, Christian missionaries arrived, led by William Ellis. Ellis, in 1822, came looking for a suitable location for a mission station. At this same time, Hilo was the starting point of pilgrimages to the volcano and a market place for people from Ka'u to Hamakua. The main settlement of Hilo was initially located at the mouth of the Wailoa River in Waiakea. Until the arrival of David Belden Lyman and Titus Coan in 1832, the mission's effect was not great. By the end of 1837, however, two-thirds of the population of the area had relocated themselves to Hilo to join Coan's "Great Revival," leaving villages around Hilo deserted. When the mission eventually moved to the top of Haili Street from Waiakea, the new Christians followed. This established the present location of Hilo town.

Close to the end of Coan's revival, new explorers interested in commerce came to Hilo. The whaling industry had a great effect on the local population, luring Hawaiians away from home with a taste of adventure and money. The whaling industry declined after 1868 when petroleum was discovered in far-off Pennsylvania. The great tidal wave and earthquake also occurred in this year.

The sugar industry began developing in the early 1800's, but it was not until the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 with the United States that the industry gained firm ground. The treaty assured that no duty would be imposed on Hawaiian sugar. Before the turn of the century, labor was imported from Asia and Europe to satisfy manpower needs of the growing industry. New mills were established and by 1900 Hilo was sugar-prosperous. The present population reflects the various groups who have made their homes in the area.

Most of the historic sites of North and South Hilo have been either destroyed by agriculture, urban growth, and natural changes in landforms. Those sites which have been protected should continue to be as the area grows. Other sites, particularly historic buildings, should be the focus of these districts. These buildings, although not of ancient vintage, reflect the historic growth of the area.

• Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register

• Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register

• Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register

• Burials Waiakea Hawaii Register

• United States Post Office Piihonua Hawaii Register/National and Office Building Register

• W. H. Shipman House Piihonua Hawaii Register/National Register

• Rev. D. B. Lyman House Punahoa Hawaii Register/National Register

• District Courthouse Punahoa Hawaii Register/National and Police Station Register

• Hilo Breakwater Eligible for National Register

• Hilo Iron Works Piopio iliEligible for National Register

• Wailoa Bridge Waiakea Eligible for National(Kamehameha Avenue) Register

Most of the early history of the Hamakua district centers on Waipio Valley. The valley was settled early and was the home of several strong rulers since at least the early 13th century. Among the chiefs of Waipio were Liloa and his son Umi. The traditions regarding Liloa indicates he was the first to rule over the entire island of Hawaii and that his rule was one of peaceful diplomacy.

In 1823 the Rev. Ellis counted 265 houses in the valley and estimated the population to be 1,325. The number of residents has declined steadily since Ellis' estimate. The same is true of the once populated Waimanu Valley.

Hawaiians also lived in the smaller valleys and gulches along the Hamakua coast and were known to cultivate taro.

In relatively recent historical times there have been Asian and European influences in Hamakua, due primarily to the sugar industry. These influences have erased much of the physical evidence of the earlier culture, but have also introduced a different perspective on historic sites.

• Mauna Kea Adze Quarry Kaohe Hawaii Register/National Register

• Chee Ying Society Nienie Hawaii Register/National

• Clubhouse Register

Historically, the present districts of North and South Kohala were considered to be a single unit. Kohala is the birthplace of Kamehameha I. Mo'okini Heiau at Upolu Point is said to have been built by the priest Pa'ao in the 12th century. Other important historic events occurred in the district, particularly at Kawaihae. Kamehameha I gained complete control of the entire island of Hawaii after constructing Pu'ukohola Heiau where Keoua was killed.

It was at Kawaihae that John Young and Isaac Davis in the service of Kamehameha cleared foreign arrivals who came to Hawaii. They persuaded Capt. Vancouver to first leave cattle in the area and Capt. Cleveland to leave horses.

In 1820, the brig Thaddeus, carrying a group of Christian missionaries, made its first anchorage at the village of Kawaihae. John Young is credited with the decision of allowing the missionaries to disembark at Kailua.

John Palmer Parker was influential in shaping the character of Kohala. He started in Kawaihae and hunted the large number of cattle which had turned wild under the kapu placed on them by Kamehameha. Parker eventually moved to Waimea where he expanded his operation into what is today the largest privately owned ranch in the world.

In 1832 the missionary Lorenzo Lyons arrived in Kawaihae. He established his station at Waimea and his parish included the districts of Kohala and Hamakua. Ten years later, Reverend Elias Bond took over the mission duties in northern Kohala and soon established an excellent English school.

Although the character of Kohala has changed through history, the district's relative isolation has preserved many pre-contact sites. The leeward North Kohala coast still contain many remnants of coastal fishing villages which were occupied from the

pre-historic period through the early 1900s. Likewise, remnants of the large agricultural complexes which supported the population are still found in both North and South Kohala. Mo'okini and Pu'ukohola Heiau still stand as monuments to the past, as do John Young's house site and the early Christian churches.

• Lapakahi Complex Lapakahi Hawaii Register/National Register

• Heiau in Kukuipahu Kukuipahu Hawaii Register/National Register

• Bond District Iole Hawaii Register/National Register

• Kohala Pilgrim Church Pahoa Hawaii Register

• Tong Wo Society Building Halawa Hawaii Register/National Register

• Kohala District Honopueo Hawaii Register/National

• Courthouse Register

• Mo'okini Heiau Puuepa Hawaii Register/National Register

• Possible Heiau Kehena Hawaii Register

• Vault Complex Paoo Hawaii Register

• Makeanehu Complex Makeanehu Hawaii Register

• Habitation and Burials Makeanehu Hawaii Register

• Habitation Complex Paoo Hawaii Register

• Pu'ukohola Heiau Kawaihae National Register

• Imiola Church Waikoloa Hawaii Register/National Register

• Puako Petroglyph Lalamilo Hawaii Register/National

• Archaeological District Register

• Kiholo-Puako Trail Various Hawaii Register

The Kona districts have been very significant in the history of Hawaii. Before the arrival of Capt. Cook, a large population was settled in villages along the coast. Various rulers lived in the area and have left evidence of the complex religious, social, and political systems which evolved in Hawaii. In North Kona the major complexes are located at Kailua, Holualoa, and Kahaluu. In South Kona, they are located at Kealakekua and Honaunau.

When Capt. Cook arrived at Kealakekua Bay in January 1779, he reported that the area was flourishing. It is well known that he was accepted as the god Lono and visited heiau and village sites at

Napoopoo. Following Capt. Cook's death no foreign ships stopped in Kona for several years. In 1792 Capt. Vancouver arrived in Kona and left orange trees, grapevines, other plants, and cattle.

Kamehameha I, in 1812, established his permanent residence and his capital in Kailua. The royal family remained in Kona until the capital was moved to Honolulu. The districts prospered during the sandalwood and whaling eras, with Kealakekua serving as the main port. In 1820 the first missionary station on the island was established in Kailua.

Although Kona has experienced rapid change since Cook's arrival, it still contains many undisturbed historical sites. Most of these sites are of traditionally Hawaiian origin and can reveal information important in reconstructing Hawaii's early history.

• Hulihee Palace Keopu Hawaii Register/National Register

• Mokuaikaua Church Keopu Hawaii Register/National Register

• Ahuaaumi Heiau Keauhou National Register

• Hale O Kane Heiau Kealakehe Hawaii Register

• Habitation Site Kealakehe Hawaii Register

• Shelter and Pen Ooma Hawaii Register

• Wawaloli Habitation Ooma Hawaii Register

• Habitation Cluster Ooma Hawaii Register

• Lanihau Papamu Lanihau Hawaii Register

• House and Burials Lanihau Hawaii Register

• Honokohau Settlement Kaloko, National Register(32 Sites) Honokohau

• Kamakahonu (Residence of Lanihau National Register King Kamehameha I)

• Keauhou Holua Slide Keauhou National Register

• Kuamo'o Burials Keauhou National Register

• Kamoa Point Complex Holualoa Hawaii Register/National Register

• Kahalu'u Historic Kahaluu, National Register District (l8 Sites) Keauhou

• Kamehameha III Birthplace KeauhouHawaii Register/National(Kauikeaouli Stone) Register

• Great Wall of Kuakini Various Eligible for National Register

• Greenwell Store Onouli Hawaii Register/National Register

• Pu'uhonua O Honaunau - Honaunau, National Register

• Place of Refuge Keokea

• Kealakekua Bay Various National Register Historical District

• Kahikolu Church Kahauloa Hawaii Register/National Register

• St. Benedict's Honaunau Hawaii Register/National

• Catholic Church Register

• Burial Cave Honomalino Hawaii Register

• North Honomalino Complex Honomalino Hawaii Register

• Ahole Holua Complex Kapua National Register

• Okoe Bay Complex Honomalino Hawaii Register

• Kaulanamauna Upland Kaulana- Hawaii Register Complex mauna

• Kona Field System (e.g. Various Eligible for National Register

• Amy Greenwell Botanical (N. & S. Kona Gardens)

The district of Ka'u has historically been a relatively independent district, isolated from the rest of the island. Historical data indicates that it was probably settled very early by the Polynesian voyagers. As population increased, the rest of the island was inhabited. Most of the early settlement in Ka'u consisted of small fishing villages.

In 1791 Kamehameha became ruler of the entire island by gaining the district of Ka'u when its chief Keoua was killed at the dedication of Pu'ukohola Heiau at Kawaihae.

Ka'u later became the stopping point for seagoing travelers on their way to Hilo. In the 1860's Mark Twain lived in Waiohinu and wrote extensively about his stay in Ka'u. While living in Waiohinu he declared Hawaii to be "the loveliest fleet of islands."

• Keawaiki Complex Manuka Hawaii Register

• Manuka Bay Petroglyphs Manuka Hawaii Register/National Register

• Platform and Mounds Manuka Hawaii Register

• Kuleana Complex Manuka Hawaii Register

• Ko'a Manuka Hawaii Register

• South Manuka Bay Complex Manuka Hawaii Register

• Malua Kipuka Complex Manuka Hawaii Register

• Platform and Shelters Manuka Hawaii Register

• Lava Tube Complex Manuka Hawaii Register

• Kaiakekua Complex Manuka Hawaii Register

• Habitation Complex Manuka Hawaii Register

• Manuka Bay Holua Slide Manuka Hawaii Register

• Heiau and Trail Manuka Hawaii Register

• Shrine and Heiau Manuka Hawaii Register

• South Point Complex Kamaoa National Register

• Kii Petroglyphs Waiohinu Hawaii Register/National Register

• Ainapo Trail Kapapala National Register(Menzies Trail)

• Wilkes Campsite Kapapala National Register

• Kilauea Crater Kapapala, National RegisterKeauhou

• Whitney Seismograph Keauhou National Register

• Old Volcano House No. 42 Keauhou National Register

• l790 Footprints Kapapala National Register

NATURAL BEAUTY

The natural beauty of Hawaii is a universally recognized characteristic and as such is one of our most significant and valuable assets. In a relatively small area exists a great range of environments, from lush green tropical valleys to snow-capped mountains. This diversity enhances the liveability of the island by providing a preference of physical settings.

Hawaii's natural and scenic beauty is the manifestation of the interplay of various physical elements and forces. Three primary factors contribute to the variety of environments: elevation, relative location, and geologic origin and age. A further factor is modification by man. The types of landform and vegetation depend on these basic factors. Due to different elevations and locations of the island, the landscape features have particular characteristics. These include barren fields of lava, heavily vegetated valleys, kiawe deserts, native forests, rolling grasslands, and rocky coastlines. The differences in the environment and the landscape features are important in giving identity to areas of the island and in supporting man-made elements.

As a resource, natural beauty has many aspects. It is an aesthetic resource experienced by human perceptions. Natural and scenic beauty has economic ramifications, as evidenced by the scale of resort development and by visitor-related activities. Real property values also substantiate the economic value of Hawaii's dramatic beauty. The comparison of a shoreline or mountain home with a panoramic view to a home across the street; or a condominium overlooking mountains and ocean as to a view of a neighboring condominium reflects the importance of scenic beauty. Another aspect is that the physical elements which make up the landscape and the interrelationships of these elements are of scientific interest. Investigating and understanding the physical environment are necessary in order for man to live in balance with it and not destroy it.

As the population increases, the desire to experience natural beauty will continue and may increase. If uncontrolled, the development necessary to accommodate an increasing population as well as resort development could have detrimental effects on the natural beauty of the island. Areas with special amenities of natural beauty have been and will continue to be the focus of pressure for resort development. Present regulatory process provide an assessment of impacts of development projects in order to protect, preserve and restore natural and scenic resources. However, planning decisions lack standard methods for assessing aesthetic values and evaluating impacts. The cost of restoring or regaining natural beauty is greater than the cost of protecting it.

Hawaii's natural beauty is both an irreplaceable asset and an asset that is part of the public trust. It is fragile and although often enhanced by man can easily be adversely affected. Measures must be taken to insure its protection, both now and in the future, for the enjoyment of Hawaii's residents and visitors.

Through the Zoning and Subdivision ordinances, and the Special Management Area and shoreline setback regulations, the County of Hawaii has the means to protect the island's natural and scenic beauty as an integral part of the living environment of the island. Safeguards of this valuable asset are a major consideration of any construction or development which may alter, eliminate, or intrude upon it. They are also important so that man-made elements are kept in an aesthetic perspective with the physical surroundings.

The County Arborist Advisory Committee was established to determine guidelines to identify the physical and botanical importance of trees and tree masses on the island. Criteria such as the esthetic quality, rarity, cultural significance and endemic status are evaluated in designating exceptional trees or tree masses. Preservation for those selected are enacted by County ordinance or regulation.

The importance of natural and scenic beauty and its true evaluation as an asset of public trust to be protected for future generations remain with the people of this island. While public planning and regulation are instrumental in achieving the goals set forth for this element, it is public awareness and interest which will maintain the natural beauty of the island of Hawaii.

The following describes the characteristic natural and scenic beauty of the districts of the County of Hawaii. Examples of sites and vistas are listed. The goals and policies of the element shall set forth the courses of action for sites and vistas of natural beauty.

Along the coast of Puna district the black sand beaches and tidal ponds are noted features of natural beauty. The Kaimu-Kalapana Black Sand Beach is an often used travel poster scene of Hawaii.

The inland areas of Puna are lava land. Major areas of natural beauty are the 1960 Kapoho and the recently formed Pu'u O'o volcanic regions. Its significance is that it represents the force of nature in altering the landscape feature into a cone and desolate field of lava.

A portion of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is also located within this district.

The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Puna district.

• Waiakolea Pond 1-2-03:5, 6 Kalapana

• Viewpoint (Ka Lae Ahole) 1-2-03:12 Kalapana

• Kehena Black Sand Beach 1-2-09:21 Kehena

• Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-2-09:22 Kekeekee

• Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-3-04:71 Opihikao

• Warm Springs 1-3-08:34 Pohoiki

• Mango Grove along Pohoiki Road 1-3-08:4 & 5 Pohoiki

• Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-3-08:5 Pohoiki

• Keahialaka Spring & Pond 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka

• Shoreline 1-3-08:15 Keahialaka

• 1960 Lava Flow 1-4-02:1 Kapoho

• Viewpoint (Puu Kukae) 1-4-02:2 Kapoho

• View from Green Lake Hill 1-4-02:31 Kapoho

• Kapela Bay (Black Sand 1-4-03:13 KahuwaiBeach)

• Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai(Hilo & Puna)

• Viewpoint & Tidal pool 1-4-03:13 Kahuwai(Makaukiu Pt.)

• Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-4-03:19 Honolulu (Honolulu Landing)

• Viewpoint-Shoreline 1-5-63:1-4 Waiakahuila

• Cove with Stone Beach 1-6-01:25 Keaau

• Kapoho Tidal Ponds 1-4-02 Kapoho

• Viewplane from Pahoa- 1-2-04, 06, 07, 09

• Kalapana Highway looking makai

• MacKenzie Park 1-3-07:26 Malama-Ki

• Mango Grove along Kapoho- 1-4-03 & 04 Kahuwai & Honolulu Landing Road Halepuaa

• 1955 Lava Flow (Iilewa Cone) 1-2-10:1 Kamaili

• Ironwood Groves along 1-3-03:5 & Kauaea

• Kapoho-Kalapana Road 1-3-07:6 & 26 Malama-Ki

• Ironwood Grove at Nanawale 1-4-03:18 Nanawale Park

• Albizzia Grove along Pahoa- 1-4-01:4 Kaniahiku Kapoho Road

• Royal Palms fronting Keaau 1-6-02 KeaauSchool

• View of Mauna Kea and Mauna

• Loa from Pahoa-Keaau,Volcano-Keaau Roads, and various Puna subdivisions

• Pu'u O'o Lava Flow Region

The natural beauty of the South Hilo district is dominated by Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. From various locations in the area there are magnificent views of the mountains. Hilo Bay provides a picturesque front yard for the city of Hilo. From the bay the land gently slopes upward towards Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa.

Throughout the district there are waterfalls, such as the famous Akaka Falls and nearby Kahuna Falls, Rainbow Falls, and others.

The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the South Hilo district.

• Banyan Drive Scenic Area 2-1-01, 03, 05 Waiakea

• Liliuokalani Gardens 2-1-03:2 Waiakea

• Viewpoint of Hilo Bay area 2-1-03:2 Waiakea with Mauna Kea in Background

• Viewpoint of Hilo Bay with 2-1-03:17 Waiakea Mauna Kea in Background

• Coconut Isle (Mokuola) 2-1-03:19 Waiakea

• Reeds Bay (Shoreline) 2-1-05:1 Waiakea

• Ice Pond 2-1-06:10 Waiakea

• Viewpoint-Shoreline 2-1-11:5 Waiakea (Leleiwi Point)

• Lehia Park (undeveloped) 2-1-13:5 Waiakea

• Viewpoint-Shoreline 2-1-14:13 Waiakea (Keokea Point)

• Lihikai (Onekahakaha) Beach 2-1-14:13 Waiakea Park shoreline

• Waiahole Fish Pond 2-1-15:1 Waiakea

• Haleolono Fish Pond 2-1-15:42 Waiakea

• Leleiwi Park shoreline 2-1-16 to 19 Waiakea

• Lokoaka Pond, Akahi 2-1-16:1 Waiakea Pond, and Kionakapahu Pond

• Viewpoint-Shoreline 2-1-19:9 Waiakea (Waiuli Point)

• Wailoa River Area

• Hoakimau Fish Pond 2-2-13:3 Waiakea

• Mohouli Fish Pond 2-2-29:27 Waiakea

• Waiakea Fish Pond 2-2-31:1 Waiakea

• Puu Halai 2-3-22 Ponahawai

• Rainbow Falls and Area 2-3-27:1, 2 Piihonua (Wailuku River Park)

• Kaimukanaka Falls and Area 2-3-27:3, 5 Piihonua

• Boiling Pots and Area 2-3-29:12 Piihonua

• Viewpoint on hilltop 2-3-37:4 Ponahawai looking over Hilo Bay

• Waiole Falls and Area 2-5-9:4 Piihonua

• Peepee Falls and Area 2-5-10:1 Piihonua

• Viewpoint from lower Wailuku 2-6-02 Piihonua Bridge looking makai

• Viewpoint from lower Wailuku 2-6-03 Piihonua Bridge looking mauka

• Keakanini Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihonua

• Hawaii Falls 2-6-18:4 Piihonua

• Alealea Point looking 2-6-15:1 Wailua towards Hilo Bay

• Honolii Beach Area and Stream 2-6-24:1-4 Alae

• Onomea Bay Area 2-7-09:1, 2, 26 Kahalii- 2-7-10:1 Onomea

• Onomea Arch (fallen) 2-7-10:1 Onomea

• Akaka and Kahuna Falls 2-8-10:34 Honomu

• Kolekole Gulch 2-8-15, 2-9-03 Kuhua-Kaiwiki

• Hakalau Bay/Gulch Area 2-9-02, 3-1-01 Hakalaunui- Kamaee

The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance.

• Monkeypod (Suisan Fish Market) 2-1-03:27

• Coconut trees (Waiolama Canal) 2-2-04:2

• Gold tree (Forestry Arboreteum) 2-2-27:1

• False Kamani (Haili Church) 2-3-12:9

• Surinam Cherry (Hilo United Methodist Church) 2-3-14:7

• Ohia Lehua (Rainbow Falls Park) 2-3-27:1

One of the most outstanding areas of natural beauty in North Hilo is Laupahoehoe Point. The point juts out calmly, ending in a rugged coastline with pounding surf. In either direction along the coast are views of the high cliffs.

The deep gulches with silvery green Kukui trees contrast with the darker green vegetation along the highway are also points of natural beauty, especially Honohina Falls in Nanue Gulch.

The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the North Hilo district.

• View point of Umauma Gulch 3-1-01:1, 24 Wailua (makai from bridge)

• Viewpoint of Falls in Umauma 3-1-01:23, 30 Wailua Gulch (mauka from bridge)

• Nanue Gulch--Makai 3-2-01:1, 8 Nanue

• Honohina Falls (Nanue Gulch 3-2-01:11, 17 Nanue and stream)

• Maulua Gulch 3-4-04:9, 11, 12 Maulua Iki

• Scenic Lookout-Laupahoehoe Pt. 3-6-01:9 Alaea

• Laupahoehoe Gulch 3-6-04 Laupahoehoe

• Kaiwilahilahi Gulch 3-5-03 Kaiwilahilahi

• Kilau Gulch 3-6-01 Laupahoehoe

• Manawaiopae Gulch 3-5-04 Manawaiopae

• Kihalani Gulch 3-5-04 Kihalani

• Kuwaikahi Gulch 3-5-04 Kihalani

• Kaawalii Gulch 3-6-05, 3-9-01 Waipunalei- Humuula

The Hamakua district is tropically lush along the lower elevations. The coast is marked by densely vegetated gulches and valleys highlighted by silvery green Kukui trees. The most famous of these is Waipio Valley. This valley is the most accessible in

the series of windward valleys. The natural and scenic beauty of Waipio with its waterfalls and tropical rainforests has attracted people for many years.

Mauna Kea is also included in the Hamakua district and with Mauna Loa dominates the landscape along the Hamakua part of the Saddle Road.

The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Hamakua district.

• Kalopa State Park 4-4-14:1 Kalopa

• Mauna Kea State Park area 4-4-16:3

• Ahualoa Road 4-5-10 Kaao-Nienie

• Nienie (Native forest) 4-6-12:25 Nienie

• Viewpoint--Lookout Waipio 4-8-04:17 Lalakea

• Valley, Kukuihaele

• Hiilawe Falls 4-9-09 Waipio

• Windward Valley System 4-9-01 to 15 Waipio,

• Muliwai to Awini Muliwai-Awini,

• Waimanu Valley Area Waimanu

• Waipio Valley Area

The natural beauty of the leeward area of North Kohala is characterized by undulating hills and gullies. The arid landform slopes gently from the eroded higher elevations of the North Kohala Mountains to the sheltered coastal waters. The shallow soil cover and grasslands are cut by numerous gullies which empty storm waters into embayments along the coast. Akoni Pule highway bisects the area along the lower elevation and provides distant views to both the coast and uplands.

On the windward side of North Kohala the landscape takes on the appearance of a tropical rain forest with lush green vegetation in the valleys and gulches. At the eastern end of the highway is Pololu Valley and a view down the coast towards Hamakua.

The Kohala mountains provide background to both these landscapes and along the higher elevations of windward Kohala are green grazing lands with a panoramic vista of the coast.

The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the North Kohala district.

• Windward Valley System 5-1-01 & 02 Awini, Pololu Honokane Valley

• Islands off Awini Valley

• Pololu Valley

• Viewpoint-Pololu Valley 5-2-01:1 Pololu

• Akoakoa Point 5-2-01:7 Waiapuka

• Nanue Bay Area 5-2-01:7, 8 Waiapuka

• Kapanaia Bay Area 5-2-01:14 Makapala 5-2-07 Aamakao

• Keokea Beach & Kalalae Pt. 5-2-01:14-16 Makapala

• Kauhola Point 5-3-07:1 Kukuiwaluhia

• Upolu Point 5-5-06:7 Kokoiki-Upolu

• Old Honoipu Landing 5-6-01:24 Puakea

• Kapaa Park 5-6-01:60 Kapaa

• Mahukona Harbor and Park 5-7-03:3, 4, 14 Mahukona-Hihiu

• Keawanui Bay Area 5-8-01 Puanui

• Kaiopae Point 4-9-01:6 Waiaka

• Waiakailio Bay Area 5-9-01:8 Kahualiilii

• Coastline viewplane from Akoni-Pule Highway

• Coastline viewplane from Kohala Mountain Road

• Ironwood trees along Kohala Mountain Road

• Indian Banyan trees at Kohala

• Corporation office in Hawi

The district of South Kohala has two distinct physical environments, each with its own kind of natural beauty.

The Waimea region lies in a plateau between the Kohala mountains and Mauna Kea. The Kohala mountains provide backdrop of rolling hills and volcanic cones covered with pastures kept green by fog, fine mist, and rain. Mauna Kea provides a distant but dramatic mass as it rises steeply above the plateau. Viewed at a distance, the built environment of Waimea town lies nestled at the base of the Kohala mountains.

West of Waimea, the land forms a long slope down to the arid coastline; changing in color with drops in elevation from green to pale yellow and beige to the red and browns of the coast. The edge of the coast is contrasted with green kiawe stands, pockets of white sand beaches, and coastal waters. Barren lava flows stretch down from Mauna Loa and meet the sea near the southern boundary of South Kohala.

Between these two extremes the range of landscape quickly changes. Along the mauka road to North Kohala, there are impressive viewplanes to Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa and Hualalai.

The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the South Kohala district.

• Kawaihae Bay & Harbor Area 6-1-03:14 Kawaihae lst 6-1-04:1, 3, 20

• Mauumae Bay/Beach 6-2-02:7 Kawaihae 2nd

• Viewpoint (Puu Makela) 6-2-01:25 Kawaihae 2nd

• Kaluhiikanu Beach 6-2-02:6 Kawaihae 2nd

• Kaunaoa Bay/Beach 6-2-02:4 Ouli

• Ohaiula Beach (Spencer Park) 6-2-02:8 Kawaihae 2nd

• Upper Waipio Lookout 6-3-01:4 Waipio

• View of Kohala mountains 6-5-01:14 Waiauia

• Na Puu (Waimea) 6-5-01 Keoniki-Puuiki Puu Laelae

• Hokuula

• Puuiki

• Hapuna Bay/Beach 6-6-01:8 Lalamilo

• Kaunaoa Point 6-6-02:38 Ouli

• Scenic countryside around 6-7-01:3 Waikoloa Waikii

• Puako Bay Area 6-9-01:2 Lalamilo 6-9-02:7, 8

• Makaiwa Bay and Pond, Keawanui 6-8-22 Kalahuipuaa

• Pauoa Bay Area 6-9-01:3 Kalahuipuaa

• Anaehoomalu Bay Area 6-9-01:13 Anaehoomalu

• Wailea Bay Area 6-9-02:2 Lalamilo

• Viewplane along Queen Various

• Ka'ahumanu Highway looking mauka and makai

• Kiawe Forest mauka of Puako Beach Lots

The Kona districts have long attracted people because of their natural beauty. Although man-made structures are in some places dominant, the vast expanse of the Kona landscape is still the area's most striking feature.

North Kona, in the area called Kekaha, is characterized by a sense of openness created by expansive areas of lava flows. Vegetation on the lava is comprised of low pockets of grasses and scrub trees. From the coastline, the land climbs slowly to the distant saddle plateau between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. This long natural grade also contributes to the sense of openness and space.

The rest of North Kona is dominated by Hualalai. It's steep slopes provide a green backdrop when viewed from the coast; or spectacular views of the coastline, ocean and horizon from higher elevations.

Part of Kona's natural beauty is also due to the wide range of climatic conditions in a relatively short distance. Such variations extending from the coastal areas to the higher elevations are evidenced by changes in vegetation, producing a wide scope of different physical environments.

The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Kona districts.

• Puu Waawaa 7-1-01:4 Puuwaawaa

• Kiholo Bay/Beach Area 7-1-02:8 Puuwaawaa

• Keawaiki 7-1-02:8 Puuwaawaa

• 7-1-03:2 Puuanahulu

• Hualalai 7-2-01, 7-8-01 Kaupulehu

• Kaupulehu 7-2-03:1, 2 Kaupulehu

• Opae Ula Pond 7-2-04:1 Makalawena

• Makalawena 7-2-04:1 Makalawena

• Kahoiawa 7-2-04:3, 4 Awakee

• Kakapa Bay Area 7-2-04:4 Kukio 2nd

• Kua Bay Area 7-2-04 Maniniowali

• Kukio Bay/Beach Area 7-2-04:5 Kukio lst

• Mahaiula Bay/Beach Area 7-2-05:3 Mahaiula

• Kaloko Pond 7-3-09:2 Kaloko

• Honokohau Fish Pond 7-4-08 Kealakehe

• Keahole Point 7-3-10:34 Kalaoa

• Honokohau coastline 7-4-08:4, 3 Honokohau-Kealakehe

• Aimakapa 7-4-08:10 Honokohau

• White Sand Beach 7-4-08:10 Honokohau

• Kailua Bay Area 7-5-04:52 Lanihau 7-5-05:23, 24, 32

• White Sand Beach 7-5-05:7 Keahuolu

• Keauhou 7-8-12 Keauhou 1 & 2

• Kahaluu Bay Area 7-8-14 Kahaluu 2

• Viewplane from Kuakini 7-7 and 7-8 Holualoa-

• Highway going mauka & makai Keauhou

• Viewplane from Kamehameha III 7-8-10 Kahaluu-Keauhou

• Road going mauka & makai

• Viewplane along Queen Various

• Ka'ahumanu Highway going mauka and makai

• Kealakekua Bay from 8-1-07:1 Keopuka

• Kaawaloa Road and Lower 8-1-10:1, 2 Kaawaloa

• Government Road 8-1-11 Kaawaloa

• 8-2-02, 04 Kealakekua

• Viewpoint 8-3-03:29 Kahauloa (2)

• Cove 8-3-04:1 Keei (1)

• White Sand Beach 8-3-04:4 Keei (1)

• Viewpoint (Palemano Pt.) 8-3-04:5 Keei (1)

• Honaunau Bay & Scenic View 8-4-11, 12, 13 Honaunau,

• from Ke Ala o Keawe Road Keokea

• Kealia Beach 8-5-05:1 Kealia

• Kiilae 8-5-05:19 Kiilae

• Hookena--Kauhako Bay Area 8-6-13, 14 Hookena

• Kauhako

• Milolii area 8-9-04 Milolii

• Lava flows of 1950, 1926, Various and 1919

The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance.

• Canarium sp. 8-1-09:1

• Otaheite Apple or Wi 8-1-09:1

• Loulu Palm 8-9-06:4

Within the Ka'u district is located most of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The park is a natural area with a minimum of man-made objects blended into the character of the physical environment. The landscape is a contrast between open lava land with little or no vegetation and dense ohia lehua forests.

In the southern part of Ka'u the natural beauty of the landscape is characterized by vistas from the mountain slopes to the ocean. The coast is highlighted by Manuka Bay, Green Sands Beach, and Punaluu Black Sand Beach.

The following list of sites are examples of natural beauty in the Ka'u district.

• Manuka Bay 9-1-01:3 Manuka

• Pohue Bay 9-2-01:1 Kahuku

• Volcano area including 9-2-01:4 Kahuku

• National Park 9-9-01 Keauhou

• South Point (Ka Lae) 9-3-01:1-3, Pakini Iki

• 7, 9 Kamaoa

• Mahana Bay 9-3-01:2 Kamaoa

• Waiakukini 9-3-01:6 Pakini Nui

• Honuapo 9-5-14:1, 7 Honuapo

• Ninole Cove & Springs 9-5-19:12 Ninole

• Punaluu Black Sand Beach 9-6-01 Punaluu

• Lava Flows of 1868, 1887,& 1907

• Kaalualu Bay 9-4-01: 12, 14 Kiolakaa

• Kawa (Kawaa) Bay and Spring 9-5-16:20 Kaalaiki

• 9-5-17:7 Hilea Nui

• View of Mauna Loa from

• Volcano-Kau Highway

• Scenic view of shoreline

• between Pahala and Punaluu

• Waiohinu Park

• Na puu: Enuhe, Makanau, Various

• Kaiholena and One

The following designated exceptional trees are adopted by ordinance.

• Kokio (Manuka State Park) 9-1-01:8

• 'Ohe (Manuka State Park) 9-1-01:8

NATURAL RESOURCES AND SHORELINES

The natural resources of the island of Hawaii are those physical facts in our environment which are recognized as useful, valuable, and desirable in our lives. They constitute a basic part of the General Plan, as they relate to every element and land use. If mismanaged or used without care, natural resources are for the most part irreplaceable. Increasing population and urbanization places a greater demand on our limited resource base. Thus, the utilization and protection of these are of vital concern to the people of the County of Hawaii.

The natural resources of the County of Hawaii are basically land, water, and air and include flora and fauna of the island, soils, geologic features, the geothermal steam, the climate, the wind, the sunshine, the deep ocean waters, and the shoreline. Some of these resources have been covered in the recreation, open space, natural beauty and water elements.

Largest and youngest of the Hawaiian Chain, the island of Hawaii consists of 4,037 square miles and is still growing. The island as it is known today was formed by five volcanoes and two of them, Mauna Loa and Kilauea, are still active. Extensive scientific research on active volcanic processes is being conducted. This is the only place in the U.S. where such processes can be continuously studied. Land and marine volcanic regions are also possible sources of geothermal energy. At 13,784 feet above sea level, Mauna Kea is the tallest of the island's mountains. The topography of the island extends from craggy ocean cliffs and beaches of black, green and golden sand to the mountain peaks which are snow-covered during the winter months. Vegetative cover generally corresponds with elevation and ranges from tropical rainforest to grazing land to barren lava fields. Leeward and windward directions are equally important in determining vegetation types and landscape characteristics. In some windward areas, rainfall reaches an average of 300 inches annually, while some leeward areas have virtually no rainfall throughout the year. Rainfall has proven to be a scientific resource and is studied by the Hilo Cloud Physics Laboratory.

Temperature drops consistently with higher elevation. Coastal regions are warm and semi-tropical, while frost is not unusual above the 4,000 foot level. The purity of atmospheric conditions at higher elevations has attracted scientific research. Fresh and marine waters are important to the County. Potable water is an understood necessity. The marine waters of the island and the plant and animal life within them are of dietary, recreational, and scientific importance.

The soils of the County consist of various forms and stages of

volcanic lava. The young age and form of some of these make certain areas temporarily non-productive.

Throughout the island there are pockets of endemic vegetation. These are important botanical remnants with scientific significance and are part of our natural heritage. Forest areas of both native and introduced species are additionally important as watershed areas and as natural means of controlling erosion. The flora and fauna, both native and introduced, of the island are used as nutritional and recreational resources by numerous residents.

The island of Hawaii has more than 305 miles of coastline, but approximately 75% is comprised of cliffs of varying height. The porous nature of the lava flows have produced unique ecological niches in the anchialine ponds along the coast. The coastline can be divided into seven general areas.

The Hamakua coast, from near Waipio Valley to Hilo Bay, is comprised of a sea cliff 100 to 300 feet high. Along the Hamakua Coast are boulder beaches which have formed at the mouths of valleys and the numerous gulches. From Hilo to Leleiwi Point to Keaau, the rocky shoreline of the Hilo coast is highly irregular.

The Puna coast from Keaau along Cape Kumukahi to Kalapana is partly low sea cliff and partly the constructional surface of recent lava flows. The irregularity of the coast a few miles to either side of Pohoiki is the result of several earthquakes and subsidence. There are also black sand beaches on the Puna coast which resulted from explosions caused by the generation of steam when hot molten lava reaches the ocean.

The coast of Ka'u and South Kona varies in composition and height. Sections are formed of soil, other areas are pahoehoe benches or a'a cliffs of varying height. The cliffs are especially high where the major sets of faults are close to and parallel to the sea. Several cones are present along the shoreline and some have adjacent black sand beaches.

The low coastline of North Kona extends north from the end of the fault-controlled sea cliff of Kealakekua Bay to Kawaihae Harbor. Like the northern Puna coast, the shoreline is highly irregular and has sea cliffs a few feet high. There are also pocket beaches found along bays between adjacent flows. The best beaches on the island are along the coast between Kailua-Kona and Kawaihae.

The west and north slopes of the Kohala volcano from north of Kawaihae to Pololu Valley are marked by sea cliffs of moderate to low height. The coastal cliffs are interrupted by pockets of boulder beaches at the mouths of the intermittent gullies and small streams.

The coastline along the windward deep valleys between Pololu and Waipio alternate between steep cliffs which rise as high as 1,400 feet and boulder or sand beaches which front the deep valleys.

The State's Shoreline Setback statute was passed in 1970. It established a restrictive zone 40 feet from the upper reaches of the wash of waves (20 feet for certain parcels) in which construction and other coastal alterations are generally prohibited except by a special approval-variance procedure.

The Federal Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Act (Public Law 92-583) was signed into law in 1972. This Act affirms a national interest in the effective protection and development of the coastal zone and provides assistance and encouragement to coastal States to develop and implement rational programs for managing their coastal zones. In 1975, the Legislature enacted a Shoreline Protection Act which established such an interim program through a Special Management Area (SMA) extending a minimum of 100 yards inland from the shoreline vegetation or debris line. Guidelines to manage and protect the resources in the SMA's were set forth by the Shoreline Protection Act. In 1977 the Hawaii Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Act became law and incorporated many of the features of the Shoreline Protection law and mandated objectives and policies for the management of Hawaii's coastal zone.

Activities initiated under the CZM program are closely related to the continuing environmental planning objectives of the State of Hawaii. Hawaii has long been recognized as a leader in the development of programs to enhance and protect the environmental resources. Of special concern are natural amenities significant to the overall well-being of the State and Nation and which attract hundreds of thousands of visitors to Hawaii each year.

HOUSING

The three primary functions of housing are to provide: 1) physical shelter; 2) a setting, both within the structure and in its neighborhood, for the day-to-day activities of the family members; and 3) the grouping of families within the larger neighborhood or community.

Housing provides more than just shelter from the natural elements. It embodies the social, economic and emotional values of families and individuals. Collectively, housing represents a community's aspirations which are in turn influenced by larger economic and social processes.

In an economic setting, the construction of housing is an essential contributor to business, industry and employment. The location of housing on the other hand is dependant upon the location of other economic and employment opportunities, such as agriculture or resort developments.

In the physical and environmental setting, housing and its land use component, residential use, utilizes a significant portion of the County's urban lands. The placement or settlement patterns and the form of housing is a major influence on the environment and aesthetic setting of the island.

In the social and human realm, the adequacy of a house is a major factor of a family's sense of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. For most families, it is a major expenditure of the household income and represents in varying degrees long term commitments to a place and/or community. In turn, these commitments contribute to a community's sense of well being and stability.

From governments' perspective, adequate housing for its residents is part of the considerations of public health, welfare and safety. Housing and residential use of land is a generator of government revenue through local real property taxes. The revenues are balanced by significant expenditures of public funds for roads, schools, protective services and other capital improvements projects which service residential areas. Thus, the provision of housing requires the coordination of planning and implementation on all levels of government.

The availability of housing is dependant on a number of interrelated factors, including the availability of appropriately zoned land, the availability of infra-structure, and the costs of raw land and the development of the land. The Housing element must consider future costs of constructing a house and the ability of individuals to purchase or rent these units. In the social sense, the provision of housing needs to consider the kinds of people who

reside here or are likely to reside here and what the preferences are with respect to type, size, location and other factors.

In the collective sense, the Housing Element is related to all other elements of the General Plan. It is most directly related to the Land Use element, Single family and Multiple family residential sections. Moreover, the Housing Element is directly influenced by the growth directions which the County wishes to take.

Since the l930s the Federal government has played a major role in the provision of housing and home ownership through direct housing construction projects, home mortgage insurance programs, loan programs for special groups such as veterans and farmers, and direct subsidies to state governments.

The Territory of Hawaii and subsequently, the State of Hawaii, through the Hawaii Housing Authority has been responsible for administering Federal housing programs. Until the mid-l970, the State Hawaii Housing Authority served as the major agency to develop rental housing projects for low income families and to provide housing for sale to low and moderate income groups.

In addition, through a 1920 Congressional act, lands have been set aside for eligible native Hawaiians for residential and agricultural purposes. Through the State Hawaiian Homes Commission and Department of Hawaiian Home Lands, houselots on a leasehold basis are made available to eligible native Hawaiians. In the mid-80s, the Department established an accelerated program to provide lands for residential and agricultural purposes.

Since the adoption of the County of Hawaii's General Plan, Federal housing and community redevelopment programs have been reorganized under the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. This federal legislation placed much of the initiative for addressing community housing needs to the local government level.

Additionally, county governments have been granted similar and parallel authorities to the State's Hawaii Housing Agency. As a result, the County has established a Housing Agency and an Office of Housing and Community Development (OHCD). The Housing Agency has the capability to develop affordable housing either on its own, in conjunction with the State or through joint programs with the private sector. OHCD administers the Federal Section 8 rental assistance program benefiting low income families, manages several housing projects and administers grants funded under the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. Consequently, the County has the authority and the funds to directly address the housing problems of the County along with the Federal and State governments.

Since l975 the Agency has developed on its own, and/or coordinated various housing projects with other government agencies,

developers, and nonprofit housing corporations. These projects have been aimed at providing housing for a variety of need categories such as employee housing, low and moderate income groups and for the elderly. To date l,795 units, both single family and multiple family units have been constructed through various projects of the Housing Agency, Hawaii Housing Authority and the private sector.

While the County has been granted more authority in the provision of housing, in recent years the programs administered by both the Federal and the State governments have changed. The State's programs are giving greater emphasis to distributing funds for housing and/or rental programs and as a coordinator of financing programs and has placed less emphasis on both direct housing construction activities and the management of housing programs. The State as a major landowner, however, has the ability to release lands for housing projects.

The change in the Federal programs are largely reflected in drastic reductions in funds for housing projects and programs, and reduced subsidies to the state. It is also apparent that there will continue to be a reduction in Federal funds, particularly for the construction of housing for low and moderate income groups. As the major source of funds for housing programs, these changes have had major implications on the County's role in the provision of housing for its residents; particularly since significant factors which contribute to the ability of residents to purchase homes are outside the direct influence of the County government and are external to the economy of Hawaii. These factors include loan interest rates which are significantly impacted by federal financial and monetary policies.

The development of assisted housing in Hawaii County will increasingly depend on non-Federal funds. Additionally, a broad range of mechanisms must be utilized by the County to facilitate, coordinate and implement the development of both assisted and market residential housing.

In order to identify and anticipate the housing needs within the County of Hawaii, and to encourage the opportunities for housing, the demographic, economic, housing construction and land inventory data for the County is provided in the following tables.

Several of the major issues and problems faced by Hawaii County continue to involve housing. Rapid population growth in some areas of the County has not been accompanied by parallel growth in residential housing construction. In addition, the rate of increase in the price of land particularly in West Hawaii, has grown proportionately more than the cost of housing construction and more importantly, the rate of growth in earning power of many residents.

Thus, proportionately fewer residents are able to afford the purchase of a home. As indicated in Table 2, 44% or 12,992 of the island's households earned less than $15,000 per year in l980.

The ability of households to purchase or rent a home, or what is commonly understood as "affordability" is dependant upon many factors which vary among households and individuals' choices in lifestyles and also differ due to location and financing. While quantitative descriptions of need groups and limitations may be made for the present, only general trends and order of magnitude estimates may be made for the future. It is expected, however, that the proportion of the resident population needing some assistance in purchasing a home will continue to increase.

Housing sales activity, both new and resale, has been uneven and difficult to predict. The housing industry's traditional construction cycle has been complicated by a sustained period of high interest rates. Federal housing policies and funding have also changed. The net result is that housing activity and housing programs will be difficult to predict for the foreseeable future. Housing priorities and programs today may be very different from those in three to five years.

In existing urban areas, the supply of readily available housing and residential zoned lands is nearing a point where flexibility in choice of location and price will be limited and will contribute to rising costs of housing unless additional and alternative areas are made available for residential development.

In rural and agricultural areas, affordable housing for both independent farmers and agricultural employees place competitive demands on the land. In addition to the expanding urban needs, rural and agricultural lands are being sought for rural/residential estate use. This is part of a growing and continuing nationwide trend of the "gentrification of the land" and will contribute to rising costs of land.

In addition, in rural areas, the age of the existing housing stock suggest that future new housing will be needed to replace these units.

The increasing role of diversified agriculture in our economy also has implications for housing of the agricultural worker. The residents of the rural areas of the County constitute a special population by virtue of their relative isolation, lower average incomes, lack of employment opportunities and mobility. The housing problems of these areas are proportionately more acute in the rural areas and communities than in the urbanized areas in the State.

Furthermore, the residents of the rural areas tend to be farm and agricultural workers or individuals directly employed in self-contained destination resort areas; industries which play a vital role in Hawaii's economy but which tend to be associated with

relatively low average annual income, particularly compared to non-service industry jobs.

County Profile

Inventory - Housing Units

Dwelling Units by Tax Map Zones

Parcel Inventory 1985 1969 %Growth

Income Distribution

The Farmers Home Administration programs have historically been targeted to rural households. However, these programs have been experiencing increased interest rates, cut backs in program funds, and a general curtailment in the effectiveness of the program.

At the same time, the smaller diversified agricultural operators will not as easily be able to carry the costs of providing homes for their employees, nor will it be as easy to identify the magnitude of the need and distribute opportunities for employee housing as it has been in the past with major sugar companies.

Housing for the elderly also presents changes for the future. Nationwide changes in the growing segment of the older population, due to technological advances in medicine have also had their impact in the County of Hawaii. The 60 and over age group will be the fastest growing sector of the population over the next twenty years. This group is projected to increase from 13.7% of the total population in l985 to 16.7% in the year 2000. Changes in social attitudes and expectations on both the part of the elderly and young may dictate changes in the types of structures which will be required or desired by the elderly population.

In addition to the naturally increasing size of this population, the encouragement of retirement communities or the attractiveness of Hawaii as a retirement place will require a reassessment of their housing and public service needs.

The following are brief and summarized profiles and analysis of each of the districts.

Puna district has experienced a tremendous growth in population and housing construction. The availability of residential sized lots at relatively inexpensive prices, and its proximity to the Hilo urban and employment center has contributed to this growth.

Most of the growth in housing construction has been single-family residential units (3,034 additional units since 1970) with few (69) multiple dwelling units added to the initial stock of 6 in l970. Moreover, most of this growth has occurred in the non-conforming subdivisions which were created prior to the adoption of the zoning and subdivision codes and are without basic utility systems. As a result, many of the homes are served by individual water catchments, electric generators and propane tanks.

In l984, Puna Sugar Company ceased operating its sugar plantation. Since its closure the company has sold its plantation camp houses to its employees and has also made available one acre subdivided parcels to its former employees. There may however be future problems as the plantation houses are old and while the structures are individually owned, the land is held in joint tenure with others in the plantation camp. Future subdivision or transfers in ownership in this situation are likely to be complex.

While the district has shown an 177% increase in home construction, this district also has the largest number of vacant parcels, (51,002) which indicates further potential for in-filling of the subdivisions.

Existing Inventory - Housing Units

Occupancy

Occupied/Vacant

Age of Structure

Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections

l970-85

l970-85

Parcel Inventory

*King's Landing Subdivision

According to 1980 census data, approximately half of the households in the Puna district earn incomes of less than $15,000 per year, with 35% reporting incomes of less than $l0,000. Nevertheless, approximately 74% of the dwelling units are owned in fee, and approximately a fourth of the occupied units are rented. Rental assistance through Section 8 housing programs within the county numbers 122, with a wait list of 180 for the district.

Available housing in spite of the low income data, does not appear to be a problem for this district. However, lack of infrastructure, particularly the internal substandard roadways and water systems is a problem. Lot owners may have difficulty in securing conventional home mortgage financing as a result of this lack of infrastructure.

The South Hilo district remains the center for commercial, industrial, governmental and service activities for Hawaii County. The growth in population and housing construction in the area continues to increase at rates exceeding the years prior to 1970.

Of the additional dwelling units constructed since l970, 3,679 were single family residential units, with 1,774 new multiple family units being constructed.

Within the city of Hilo, residential subdivisions have occurred mostly within the Waiakea Homesteads; Waiakea Uka areas (southwest portion of the city). There are approximately 3,227 vacant parcels in these residential sections of the city of Hilo.

Nevertheless, available and accessible lands for residential use within the city limits and southeast of Wailuku River are very nearly reaching the limits presently allowed by the General Plan. Existing areas allowed for alternate urban expansion in the area between Kaumana and Waiakea will require infrastructure (including major access roads) improvements and are also severely limited by drainage and floodway zones. Without improvements in the channelization or diversion at upper elevations, there is limited potential for use.

Other housing problems continue to revolve around the provision of housing for low-income and elderly housing needs. According to l980 census data, approximately 43% of the households in the district of Hilo reported incomes of less than $15,000. These account for 5,440 households in the district. There were approximately 513 contracts for rental assistance through the County's Office of Housing and Community Development, with 753 persons on the waiting list in l985. The Hawaii Housing Authority has also participated in the provision of 290 additional units for low income groups.

Existing Inventory - Housing Units

Occupancy

Occupied/Vacant

Age of Structure

Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections

l970-85

l970-85

Parcel Inventory

There has been a recurring shortage of housing for students at the University of Hawaii Hilo College. A study prepared for the State, concludes that the shortage of student housing has been a deterrent to the realization of higher levels of enrollment at the Hilo Campus.

In the future, since it will not as easily be possible to identify single developments which generate large needs for employee or low income housing in the Hilo/Puna area, it appears that the provision of low income and/or employee housing in this area will largely become the responsibility of the public or governmental sector.

The Hawaii Housing Agency and the Office of Housing and Community Development has also participated in constructing 156 units for elderly housing within the district.

The State has been active in the Hilo area through subdivisions of State-owned lands for low and moderate income families, these accounted for 677 lots.

The communities of this district are the direct result of the sugar industry. Housing in the past has been provided by the sugar companies. However one of the sugar companies has been phasing out of their employee rental housing program.

The district has had little activity with respect to housing construction. Over half (68%) of the residential structures in the district are 30 or more years old. Further, this district has the smallest percentage of fee home ownership (40%). Thus replacement housing for the sugar employees and continued sale of homes to the employees continue to remain a housing need for the district. In addition, approximately 66% of the households in the district (251) reported incomes of less than $15,000 in l980. Clearly some housing assistance will become necessary.

The district also has a limited supply of vacant parcels available for housing and the least amount of subdivision activity over the past l5 years. However, since the district's economic and employment opportunities are anticipated to remain stable with little or no population growth, this limitation on the availability of lots is not likely to present or cause major housing problems for the district.

Existing Inventory - Housing Units

Occupancy

Occupied/Vacant

Age of Structure

Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections

l970-85

l970-85

Parcel Inventory

Most of the communities of this district have been the direct result of the past growth of the sugar industry. However, a number of the dispersed communities in the area have been the result of Homesteading Acts of the Territory of Hawaii.

The district has increased slightly in population from 4,648 in l970 to 5,128 in l980. The relative proximity to the South Kohala resort areas and urbanizing Waimea has contributed to its role as a residential "bedroom" community to these employment centers. Recently, the sole remaining sugar company in the district was sold by its former owner, Theo H. Davies, Co. to a privately held family corporation which has expressed its intention to continue sugar operations in the district.

Early plans by the Davies Hamakua Sugar Company to exchange good privately held sugar cane lands for lands closer to Honokaa have been partially implemented, and have resulted in subdivision activity and housing construction activity around Honokaa.

Other subdivision and home construction activity has occurred in the homestead areas between Kalopa and Ahualoa.

In spite of the increase in the number of new dwelling units (327), 68% of all of the district's residential structures are 30 years or more in age.

Nearly 40% of the population reported incomes of less than $l5,000 in l980.

Housing concerns for the district are likely to focus on replacement housing for plantation employees, suitable dwellings for the elderly and the availability of a wide variety of housing opportunities. With respect to the latter, Honokaa residents and business community representatives have expressed a desire for the community to continue and expand its role as a residential "bedroom" community for South Kohala resort workers.

Since 1971, Kohala Sugar Company has terminated its sugar operations and many of the plantation's former employees moved out of the district to seek employment elsewhere. The overall decline in population amounted to only a 2% decrease. However, the number of households has increased. Thus while there has been an out migration of some of the former residents of North Kohala, it appears that there has also been an in-migration of others into the area who form smaller, but more households. Approximately 54% of the households in the district reported incomes of less than $15,000.

Existing Inventory - Housing Units

Occupancy

Occupied/Vacant

Age of Structure

Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections

l970-85

l970-85

Parcel Inventory

Existing Inventory - Housing Units

Occupancy

Occupied/Vacant

Age of Structure

Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections

l970-85

l970-85

Parcel Inventory

Although the population in North Kohala declined slightly in the years between 1970 and 1980, the district has experienced increases in housing construction and subdivision activity. Nevertheless, approximately 60% of the housing stock was built over 30 years ago. The area around Hawi has experienced the greatest number of housing and subdivision activity in the past decade due to the subdivision and opening of both Kohala Corporation and State lands for residential use.

North Kohala has recently been the focus of plans to subdivide vacant lands into rural and agricultural lots. These have ranged in size from one acre to 20 acres. Locationally they occur both within windward areas as well as on the leeward areas of North Kohala.

In addition, plans have been submitted for urban and resort uses along the leeward North Kohala coast. Both the subdivision of rural and agricultural lands and the encroaching urban uses will have implications on the costs of housing in the North Kohala district.

In l970, South Kohala had a population of 2,3l0 and by 1980, the population nearly doubled to 4,607 persons. The increase in dwelling units however grew by nearly four-fold the l970 housing stock. Major increases in the number of apartments and/or condominium units accounted for approximately 20% of the overall increase in dwelling units.

Housing construction and subdivisions of land have been most active in two areas; on the eastern side of Waimea and in Waikoloa Village. Slightly more than half of the newly created parcels in the district occurred at Waikoloa. Housing construction in Waikoloa Village increased by 589 units (including multiple-family apartments and condominiums) between the years l970 and l985.

Government agencies have participated jointly with private developers and nonprofit housing corporations to provide employee housing for the coastal resort developments in South Kohala at Waimea and Waikoloa. These projects have amounted to 43 units. In addition, Boise Cascade, the original developer of Waikoloa Village provided lots in the Waikoloa Village subdivision to its initial employees.

The continuing resort development along the coast is anticipated to increase the need for employee housing and other residential needs as more in-migration occurs.

Although there is still a sizeable number of residential zoned and subdivided parcels available at Waikoloa, market prices of existing parcels preclude purchase by persons of low income. Other residential zoned but not subdivided lands are also available at Waikoloa, development of these lands however are dependant upon plans by new owners.

It is apparent that in addition to residential lands, other commercial and urban lands will be required to service incoming populations.

Existing Inventory - Housing Units

Occupancy

Occupied/Vacant

Age of Structure

Dwelling Units by Tax Map Sections

l970-85

l970-85

Parcel Inventory

Of all the districts in the County of Hawaii, the North Kona district has had the greatest increase in population, from 4,832 persons in 1970 to 13,748 persons in 1980.

Housing units have increased from 2,485 in 1970 to 9,150 in l985. Approximately 43% were multiple family units.

Both single-family housing construction activity and subdivision activity occurred largely in the areas from Kaloko mauka through Holualoa.

In spite of the increase in both subdivision activity and housing construction in the North Kona district, housing problems for the low and moderate income groups have been particularly acute. Although the proportion of low income households in the North Kona area has decreased from l970, in terms of the actual households, there has been an increase from 935 households to 1,759 reporting incomes of less than $15,000 in l980. In addition, these families compete with the visitor market for rental of apartment and condominium units.

State and County housing agencies have participated directly in the provisions of house and lot packages at Kealakehe which account for 92 single family units for low and moderate income groups. Additionally, both have participated jointly either with private developers and/or nonprofit housing corporations to provide both low income and elderly units which has resulted in a total of 271 units in the district.

While sizable areas mauka of Ali'i Drive have been designated for residential and other urban uses through the l970 General Plan, actual rezoning of these lands has not occurred at a pace which could have opened lands for residential use.

It is anticipated that the rate of in-migration into the district will continue, as will the need for housing for residents. Recent rezoning actions for large scale residential subdivisions have occurred in the Kealakehe mauka area, which when subdivided may provide additional lands for residential use. Nevertheless, land costs and market prices which have been influenced by investor and resort/residential markets may preclude purchase of house and lot packages by most households in the district.

Existing Inventory - Housing Units